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“...THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY ”

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Presentation on theme: "“...THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY ”"— Presentation transcript:

1 “...THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIETY ”
SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE THAT FOCUSES ATTENTION ON PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR HUMAN SOCIETY GROUP BEHAVIOR IS PRIMARY FOCUS; HOW GROUPS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUALS AND VICE VERSA AT THE “HEART OF SOCIOLOGY” THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE WHICH OFFERS A UNIQUE VIEW OF SOCIETY 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

2 REASONS FOR TAKING SOCIOLOGY
EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS WELL-ROUNDED AS A PERSON SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS MORE APPRECIATION FOR DIVERSITY THE GLOBAL VILLAGE DOMESTIC SOCIAL MARGINALITY ENHANCED LIFE CHANCES MICRO AND MACRO UNDERSTANDING INCREASE SOCIAL POTENTIALS

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4 QUICK FIRE: What do people do? Why do people do what they do?
Choose one of the following to answer: What are 2 things that might influence saying yes or no to a marriage proposal? What are 2 reasons why someone might consider suicide?

5 STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE
TO SEE THE CONNECTION BETWEEN BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY!

6 DURKHEIM’S STUDY OF SUICIDE
MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT MALE PROTESTANTS WHO WERE WEALTHY AND UNMARRIED HAD HIGHER SUICIDE RATES PROTESTANTISM AND INDIVDUALISM LESS LIKELY TO COMMIT MALE JEWS AND CATHOLICS WHO WERE POOR AND MARRIED BEING CATHOLIC AND GROUP-ORIENTATION ONE OF THE BASIC FINDINGS: WHY? THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE GROUPS HAD TO DO WITH “SOCIAL INTEGRATION” THOSE WITH STRONG SOCIAL TIES HAD LESS OF A CHANCE OF COMMITING SUICIDE

7 The Sociological Perspective
OBSERVATIONS ARE CERTAINLY IMPACTED BY THE PERSONAL PERSPECTIVES THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE COME TO VIEW THE WORLD 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

8 Sociological Perspective
SEE THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR GENERAL SOCIAL PATTERNS IN THE BEHAVIOR OF PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALS INDIVIDUALS ARE UNIQUE…BUT SOCIETY’S SOCIAL FORCES SHAPE US INTO “KINDS” OF PEOPLE

9 What will we study using our “sociological perspective”?
Social interaction/relationships – How do individuals behave when in groups? How do groups influence individual behavior? Social structures - What patterns can we identify during social interaction? Are there breaks in patterns? Social change/dynamics – Have these patterns changed over time?

10 Sociological Imagination
Sociological Imagination = ability to identify relationships between self and society

11 THE DISCIPLINE’S ORIGINS
SOCIOLOGY SPRANG FROM THREE SEPARATE, YET INTERDEPENDENT REVOLUTIONS ( ) THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION A BELIEF IN SCIENCE BEGAN TO REPLACE TRADITIONAL (religious) FORMS OF AUTHORITY THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION INDUSTRIALISM AND CAPITALISM WERE CHANGING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PATTERNS THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION MORE DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND STANDARDS WERE BEING ADOPTED 6 6 7 7 7 7 7

12 PERSONALITIES AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857) KARL MARX (1818-1883)
POSITIVISM KARL MARX ( ) CLASS CONFLICT/STRUGGLE HERBERT SPENCER ( ) SOCIAL DARWINISM EMILE DURKHEIM ( ) GROUP FORCES; SOCIAL SOLIDARITY W.E.B. DU BOIS ( ) PLIGHT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS PERSONALITIES 7 7 8 8 8 8 8

13 WOMEN IN SOCIOLOGY HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876)
TRANSLATED THE WORKS OF AUGUSTE COMTE FOCUSED ON ISSUES SURROUNDING WOMEN’S RIGHTS SLAVERY THE WORKPLACE AND FACTORY LAWS JANE ADDAMS ( ) SOCIAL WORKER DEVELOPED PLAN TO HELP IMMIGRANTS NEW TO CITY LIFE IN AMERICA HULL HOUSE IN CHICAGO NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER, 1931

14 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (Theoretical Perspective)
THEORY: A STATEMENT OF HOW AND WHY FACTS ARE RELATED PERSPECTIVE: A SET OF FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS THAT GUIDES THINKING PEOPLE HOLD DIFFERING OPINIONS ABOUT THEIR SOCIAL WORLD WE ALL COME FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL EXPERIENCES AND THEY BIAS OUR ASSUMPTIONS DOWN WITH PEOPLE UP WITH PEOPLE 8 9 9 9 9 9 9

15 FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
THE BASICS A MACRO-ORIENTED (LARGE-SCALE) PARADIGM VIEWS SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH MANY INTERDEPENDENT PARTS (INSTITUTIONS – family, government, religion, etc) THE PARTS WORK TOGETHER TO PROMOTE SOCIAL STABILITY AND ORDER MAJOR CHANGES TO THE SYSTEM’S PARTS IS NOT REQUIRED OR DESIRED; SYSTEM SEEKS TO MAINTAIN IT EQUILIBRIUM KEY ELEMENTS: MANIFEST FUNCTION – intended and recognized consequence of some element of society LATENT FUNCTION – unintended/unrecognized consequence DYSFUNCTION – negative consequence on stability of social system 9 10 10 10 10 10 10

16 CONFICT THEORY THE BASICS: FOCUS KEY ELEMENTS:
A MACRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM FOCUS - VIEWS SOCIETY AS A STRUCTURED SYSTEM BASED ON INEQUALITY SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWEEN GROUPS OVER SCARCE RESOURCES IS THE NORM KEY ELEMENTS: SOCIETY IS STRUCTURED IN WAYS TO BENEFIT A FEW AT THE EXPENSE OF THE MAJORITY FACTORS SUCH AS RACE, SEX, CLASS, AND AGE ARE LINKED TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY DOMINANT GROUP VS. MINORITY GROUP RELATIONS SOCIAL CHANGE OCCURS DUE TO CONFLICT -i.e. Feminist Perspective 10 11 11 11 11 11 11

17 INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
THE BASICS: MICRO-ORIENTED PARADIGM (smaller scale) THE VIEW THAT SOCIETY IS THE PRODUCT OF EVERYDAY INTERACTIONS SOCIETY IS A COMPLEX MOSAIC OF UNDERSTANDING THAT EMERGES FROM THE VERY PROCESS OF INTERACTING KEY ELEMENTS SYMBOLS – anything that represents something else SYMBOLIC INTERACTION – focus on how people use symbols (meaning, language, and thought) 11 12 12 12 12 12 12

18 QUICK FIRE What are some possible reasons for inaccurate statistics?
How can poorly designed social research affect public policy?

19 TO BEGIN WITH, THERE ARE JUST TWO SIMPLE REQUIREMENTS:
LOOK AT THE WORLD USING THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE A VARIETY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIORS CALLING FOR INVESTIGATION BE CURIOUS AND ASK QUESTIONS TAKE OFF THE “SOCIAL BLINDERS” THAT STOP MAKING ONE CURIOUS 2 3 2

20 COMMON SENSE VS. SCIENCE
POOR PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY THAN RICH PEOPLE TO BREAK THE LAW YES, BUT WE TEND TO PROSECUTE THE POOR MORE, AND WE CREATE LAWS THAT SEEM TO ENSURE WE WILL PROSECUTE THE POOR MORE OFTEN MOST POOR PEOPLE IGNORE OPPORTUNITIES TO WORK IT IS TRUE FOR SOME, BUT NOT ALL POOR PEOPLE, AND KEEP IN MIND THAT MANY OF THOSE CLASSIFIED AS POOR ARE NOT EXPECTED TO BE WORKING (E.G., CHILDREN, THE ELDERLY, THE DISABLED, ETC.) WORLDWIDE, MOST PEOPLE MARRY BECAUSE THEY ARE IN LOVE IN MOST SOCIETIES, ROMANTIC LOVE HAS LITTLE TO DO WITH GETTING MARRIED TO SOMEONE 3 4 3

21 MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES
A LOGICAL SYSTEM THAT DERIVES KNOWLEDGE FROM DIRECT, SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION CONCEPTS ABSTRACT IDEAS THAT REPRESENT SOME ASPECT OF THE WORLD, ALBEIT IN A SOMEWHAT SIMPLIFIED FORM (i.e. crime, poverty, education, etc) VARIABLES CONCEPTS WHOSE VALUES CHANGE FROM CASE TO CASE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES THE MEANS BY WHICH THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE IS DETERMINED 14 14 14 13 4 5 4 4 2

22 RELIABILITY - THE QUALITY OF CONSISTENT MEASUREMENT
DOES AN INSTRUMENT PROVIDE FOR A CONSISTENT MEASURE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER? VALIDITY - THE QUALITY OF MEASURING PRECISELY WHAT ONE INTENDS TO MEASURE DOES AN INSTRUMENT ACTUALLY MEASURE WHAT IT SETS OUT TO MEASURE? WHAT ASSUMPTIONS MUST BE MADE ABOUT ISSUES OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY WHEN PERFORMING RESEARCH? 5 6 5

23 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES
TYPES OF VARIABLES INDEPENDENT: THE VARIABLE THAT CAUSES THE CHANGE (OVERCROWDING) DEPENDENT: THE VARIABLE THAT CHANGES (DELINQUENCY) CAUSE AND EFFECT A RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH CHANGE IN ONE VARIABLE CAUSES CHANGE IN ANOTHER EXAMPLE: OVERCROWDING CAUSES DELINQUENCY CORRELATION WHEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES CHANGE TOGETHER THEY DEMONSTRATE CORRELATION Spurious correlation – when causation is falsely identified because a third, unseen variable is actually the cause 6 7 6

24 Did you know?!? Ice cream causes crime!! High density living causes delinquency?

25 CORRELATION CAUTION IF TWO VARIABLES VARY TOGETHER,
THEY ARE SAID TO BE CORRELATED. IN THIS EXAMPLE, DENSITY OF LIVING CONDITIONS AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY INCREASE AND DECREASE TOGETHER. 7 8 7

26 CHECKING THE EFFECT OF A THIRD VARIABLE
WHEN A THIRD VARIABLE IS CONSIDERED, IN THIS CASE THAT OF INCOME LEVEL, IS IT DISCOVERED THAT LOW INCOME MAY BE RELATED TO BOTH DENSITY OF LIVING CONDITIONS AND DELINQUENCY RATES. IN OTHER WORDS, AS INCOME LEVEL DECREASES, BOTH DENSITY OF LIVING CONDITIONS AND DELINQUENCY RATES 8 9 8

27 ORIGINAL CORRELATION DISAPPEARS
THUS, WHEN INCOME LEVEL IS CONTROLLED (EXAMINE ONLY CASES WITH THE SAME INCOME LEVEL) DO THOSE WITH HIGHER DENSITY LIVING CONDITIONS STILL HAVE A HIGHER DELINQUENCY RATE? THE ANSWER IS NO. THERE IS NO LONGER A CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE TWO VARIABLES! 9 10 9

28 SO…WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?
SPURIOUS CAUSE CAUSE THE FINDINGS LEAD ONE TO CONCLUDE THAT INCOME LEVEL IS A CAUSE OF BOTH DENSITY OF LIVING CONDITIONS AND THE DELINQUENCY RATE. THERE MAY BE A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE ORIGINAL VARIABLES, BUT NOW DOUBT CAN BE CAST UPON THE THOUGHT THAT ONE CAUSES THE OTHER. 10 11 10

29 CORRELATION OR CAUSATION? How do you know?
TWO OR MORE VARIABLES CHANGE TOGETHER CONDITIONS FOR CAUSATION TO BE CONSIDERED EXISTENCE OF A CORRELATION THE INDEPENDENT (CAUSAL) VARIABLE PRECEDES THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IN TIME NO EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT A THIRD VARIABLE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR A SPURIOUS CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TWO ORIGINAL VARIABLES

30 STRATEGIES FOR SYSTEMATICALLY CARRYING OUT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTS HIGHLY CONTROLLED CONDITIONS SURVEYS QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEWS PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS JOINING IN ACTIVITIES OF GROUPS EXISTING SOURCES SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF DATA 16 15 16 16 12 16 15 15 4

31 Scientific Research – Method to their Madness
SO MANY THINGS TO GET RIGHT! SELECT AND DEFINE TOPIC LITERATURE REVIEW IS CONDUCTED ASSESS REQUIREMENTS FOR STUDY DEVELOP KEY QUESTIONS TO ASK CONSIDER ETHICAL ISSUES DEVISE A RESEARCH STRATEGY COLLECT THE DATA INTERPRET THE FINDINGS STATE CONCLUSIONS PUBLISH THE FINDINGS 16 17

32 Problems, Problems, Problems
Identify a social problem you believe exists in our school, city, state, or nation (dependent variable) Formulate a hypothesis – What do you think is causing this problem? (independent variable) Is it possible that there are other causes to this problem? Identify a research method that you believe would be best to study the cause of this problem and be able to explain why this is the best option. Choose one research method you would NOT use and explain why it would not be appropriate for your “research project”.

33 THINK ABOUT WHY EACH REQUIREMENT IS IMPORTANT!!
MUST ENSURE CONFIDENTIALITY MUST RECEIVE INFORMED CONSENT SUBJECTS SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF THE TRUE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH – ALWAYS IMPORTANT? MAINTAIN AWARENESS OF ANY DANGERS 14 15

34 A Lack of Ethics in Past Medical Research
Holocaust victims Tuskegee airmen Milgram experiment part 1 Milgram experiment part 2 Milgram experiment part 3 Stanford experiment


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