1. The French and Indian War

2. WAR
MANY 1 2 3 4 5

3. Main Idea
The French and Indian War established British dominance in North America but put a strain on the relationship with the colonists.

4. French in the New World Settled in Canada
Jacques Cartier – First to explore St. Lawrence River
Samuel de Champlain – 1608 found Quebec
Developed a fur trading economy
Friendly with N.A

5. French Relationships with Native Americans
Champlain made allies of the Algonquians and the Hurons to protect the fur trade.
French helped the allies against the Mohawks.
French traders lived in Native American villages; learned the language; and married local women.

6. French Presence
By the early 1700s, French forts at Detroit, Niagara, Kaskaskia, and New Orleans bordered the English colonies to the west.
Power struggle with the English meant constant frontier battles.

7. Native Americans/Fur Trade
N.A trade furs for goods, tools, and alcohol
Manufactured goods – corrupt Indians
N.A HAVE to get involved
Too dependent on Euro. goods

8. European Wars European Phase/Name Colonial Phase/Name Nine Years War
War of the Spanish Succession
War of the Austrian Succession
Seven Years War
Colonial Phase/Name
King William’s War
Tie – Land returned
Queen Anne’s War
Attack Maine and Mass
England gets N. Scotia
King George’s War
England vs Spain
N.E HATES France
Take Louisborg
Give it back
French and Indian War

9. The Iroquois League
Alliance of Native Americans that was allied with Britain: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora
The Alliance had a constitution and a council of leaders.
Most northeastern Native Americans allied with the French.

10. Rising Tensions between England & France
Rivals for global supremacy
Competition in North America
French fur trading posts
British Colonists want farmland
Natives caught in crossfire
Iroquois side with British
Algonquians side with French
Algonquian: Shawnee, Delaware, Munsee, Miami

12. Britain and French Clash over Settlements
French built Fort Duquesne in Ohio River Valley, present-day Pittsburgh.
British wanted to build a settlement there.
In 1754 an unsuccessful attempt by the British militia (led by George Washington) to take the land from the French was the first skirmish of the French and Indian War.

13. The Battle of Fort Necessity.
The force was driven off by the French who
in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site.
French surround Washington forcing him to build Fort Necessity
After 10 hours, G.W is forced to surrender
French allowed him to march his men away

14. Do Now:
Hypothesize on the advantages and disadvantages of the French and English during the war.

15. The English Advantages Disadvantages Population Larger (1,000,000)
Superior Navy
Colonies are easier to defend
Superior Military Training
Disadvantages
Colonies cant agree on defense
Government makes slow decisions
Bright red uniforms are a target

16. The French Advantages Disadvantages
One government made all of the decisions
Friendlier relations with Native Americans
Disadvantages
Smaller Population (70,000)
Scattered forts and settlements were harder to defend

17. England’s two main problems…
Each English colony…may be looked upon…as a state by itself. Form hence it happens, that in time of war, things go on very slowly and irregularly here: for not only the sense of one province is sometimes directly opposite to that of another; but frequently the views of the governor, and those of the assembly of the same province, are quite different; so that it is easy to see, that, while the people are quarreling about the best and cheapest manner of carrying on the war, an enemy has it in his power to take one place after another.
Peter Kalm (A Swedish botanist who visited the Colonies)
“The … roar of [muskets] terrified me…our regiment formed among the trees, behind which the men kept stepping from their ranks for shelter. Colonel Preble…swore he would know the first man down who should step out of his ranks, which greatly surprised me, to think that I must stand still to be shot at.
Massachusetts Militiaman

18. Guerrilla War British resist Guerrilla war Indians initiate early war
Warriors fight according to cultural norms
French – allow them to

19. The War Continues…
The first years of the war went badly for the British. The French won battle after battle.
British officers in America
Forced colonists into the army
Seized supplies
Sent soldiers to stay in colonists’ houses
When colonists resisted these actions, more British soldiers were sent from England to fight in the war.

20. The Albany Congress 7 Colonies send delegates
Colonists meet with Iroquois nation (non aggression)
proposed a colonial assembly led by royal governor
The colonies were not ready
British wouldn’t have approved it anyway (revolt)
"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political cartoon of the colonies.

21. From the Albany Plan of Union (1754) From the Constitution (1787)
9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution.
10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make peace or declare war with Indian nations.
11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …
15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies…
16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes…
“[the President]…he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed…”
“[the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…”
“[Congress will] regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes…”
“[Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a Navy…”
“The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…”

22. Braddock’s Defeat – 1755 French/Native – 23 dead, 16 wounded
Sneak attack on Ft. Duquesne
Get French out of OH Valley
Accidental Collision – 10 mi
3 hours of fighting in the woods
Braddock killed
Braddock’s army is annihilated by a force half its size
French/Native – 23 dead, 16 wounded
English/Colonial – killed, wounded
Washington organized retreat

23. The French and Indian War so far….
Event
Date
Location
Notes/Significance
 British defeated at Ft. Duquesne
1755
Western Pennsylvania (present-day Pittsburgh)
Gen. Braddock's force of 1450 men surrounded and defeated by Indian and French-Canadian forces
American colonists refuse to serve under British commander
1757
American colonies
New British commander (Lord Loudoun) closely managed the war effort, demanding exact numbers of recruits and money from colonies. Colonial assemblies began to refuse to cooperate.
French take Ft. Oswego
1756
Upstate New York
French commander Montcalm takes fort, but is horrified to discover that his Indian allies kill wounded soldiers, take scalps, and make slaves of captives.
Massacre at Ft. William Henry
Following surrender of British and colonial garrison to Montcalm (who promised safe passage back to England), Indians killed 185 and took 310 British captive.

24. Chief Canassatego
How do Chief Canassatego and his people feel about the land?  
According to Chief Canassatego, what happens to the goods they are given for the land they sell?
How does this document portray the relationship between the Iroquois people and the colonists?
According to Chief Canassatego, what are the major problems that his people face?
What advice does Canassatego give to the colonists?

25. Robert Moses/Join or Die
According to Robert Moses’s diary, what is it like fighting in the French and Indian War?
According to Robert Moses’s diary, what role are Native Americans playing in the French and Indian War?
When you read Robert Moses’s diary, what images pop into your head? Why?
What is the common theme between “Join or Die” and Moses’s diary?

26. Minavavana
How does Minavavana feel about the English defeating the French? What does the English victory mean to Minavavana?
According to Minavavana, what must his warriors do even though the war may have ended?
According to Chief Minavavana, what are the two ways the “spirits of the slain” can be satisfied?
What does Chief Minavavana think of the king of England? The king of France?
How does Minavavana feel about the English fur trader Alexander Henry? Why do you think he feels this way?

27. William Pitt Becomes Prime Minister – 1757
Pitt concentrated on:
expelling the French from North America
MAIN GOAL
Convinced Parliament to raise taxes
Stimulated Colonial Economy with British Money
Support of N.A by giving them fixed land

28. 1759 “Year of Miracles” 1758 – Jeffery Amherst takes Louisburg
The Tide Turns
British Military Victories
Iroquois alliance with British
Begin capturing French forts
Quebec falls, followed by Montreal – 1760
British Navy defeats the French – Take Caribbean Colonies
Most of fighting ends by 1760
1758 – Jeffery Amherst takes Louisburg
French losing N.A Support; Army Strained
1759 – Battle of Quebec
MOST IMPORTANT VICTROY
Marques de Montcalm (French) James Wolfe (English) both die

29. The Peace Treaty
1763—Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the French and Indian War in North America.
Britain gained all French land east of the Mississippi River, including much of what is now Canada.
Spain had allied with France.
It gave up control of Florida to Britain. France gave Spain the Louisiana Territory.
France kept two islands near Canada and regained some Caribbean islands.

30. British/Colonial Tensions
Colonials
British
Methods of Fighting:
guerilla tactics.
March in Formation.
Military Organization:
Own captains .
Take Charge of Colonies.
Military Discipline:
No Discipline.
Drills & tough discipline.
Finances:
Resistance to rising taxes.
Colonists should pay for their own defense.
Demeanor:
Casual, non-professionals.
Prima Donna Br. officers

31. Effects of the War on British and Colonies
Increased Empire
Enlarged Debt
Contempt for Colonies
MAJOR reorganization needed
United against a common enemy
Socialize with each other
Bitter feelings toward British
BRITIAN CAN BE BEATEN

32. Pontiac’s Rebellion
Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, wanted to drive the British out.
In 1762 Pontiac allied with most of the Native Americans in the Upper Midwest.
They attacked British forts and settlements for several years, but the British held on.
The chief agreed to a peace treaty in 1766.

33. Pontiac's Rebellion The British Didn’t Respect culture Unfair Trade
Go on land.
Pontiac
– UNITED NATIVE AMERICANS AGAINST COLONISTS!!!
Lasted from 1763 to 1766.
British gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox.

34. Effects on Native Americans
Weakened by war
British felt the Iroquois did not fully support them and no longer felt friendly toward them.
Proclamation of 1763 took native lands.
Settlers often ignored the Proclamation.

35. Proclamation Act of 1763 Result of Pontiac’s Rebellion
Solution to the Indian Problem
Closed land west of the Appalachian Mountains
Placed under control of the British Military – Leave 10,000 troops
Colonists believed it was a punishment