1. Causes & Effects of the Civil War

2. Economic Differences South North “cotton kingdom” Plantation system
Slave labor
Agricultural
Anti-Clay’s “American System”
National Banking
Internal improvements
tariffs
North
Manufacturing & factory system
Used of immigrants for labor in new factories
Pro-Clay’s “American System”

3. Political Causes States’ Rights
Wilmot Proviso (no slavery in Mexican territory)
Compromise of 1850
CA added as free state & other territory popular sovereignty & fugitive slave laws
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Popular vote in territory on slave issue
“Bleeding Kansas”
Caning of Senator Sumner
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Republican Party & Election of 1860
Fort Sumter

4. Social Causes Second Great Awakening Abolition Movement: Rebellions:
Frederick Douglass & Up from Slavery
William Lloyd Garrison & The Liberator
Sojourner Truth
Rebellions:
Nat Turner: slave rebellion
John Brown’s Raid
Women’s Rights Movement
Seneca Falls Conference (Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton)
Declaration of Sentiment of Rights

5. The War Starts…
February 4, 1861—Confederate States of America was born
Fort Sumter was one of few Union footholds in the South
Lincoln’s dilemma:
order attack on the fort
evacuate the fort
“food for hungry men”
Jefferson Davis’ dilemma:
do nothing
order attack on the fort**
Confederates attacked and the fort fell out of the Union control
RESULT: United the North; Virginia and other upper Southern
states seceded
*1863: West Virginia was created
Both sides expected a short, glorious war, but got a blood bath that lasted until Both sides were passionate and that it was right.

6. The War Continues

7. Lincoln Abuses His Power… (Ch. 20)
Writ of habeas corpus
Latin for “you have the body”
Gave judges the power to command the presence of a person before court.
Both accused & accuser must appear before court
It required government to explain WHY a person was being detained.
Congress was not in session; Lincoln acted on his own authority to suspend habeas corpus during the Civil War, arguing Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution

8. Group Activity:
In groups of 2-3, you need to read through the documents on “The Suspension of Habeas Corpus.” One will be pro-Lincoln & his choice; the other will be anti-Lincoln & his choice.
Create a chart with 2 columns and the following headings:
Lincoln was RIGHT to suspend Habeas Corpus
Lincoln was WRONG to suspend Habeas Corpus

9. A nation divided United States of America
Maine
Vermont
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Iowa
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
California
Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
Confederate States of America:
Before Ft. Sumter:
South Carolina
Florida
Georgia
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
After Ft. Sumter:
Virginia
North Carolina
Tennessee
Arkansas

10. Map of the North vs. South

11. First Years of a LONG War: 1861-1862 (Ch. 19)
Many expected a short war…few weeks
Lincoln ordered only a 90-day enlistment period
“ON TO RICHMOND!”

12. First Battle of Bull Run (July ’61)
1st major battle of war
Location: near Bull Run Creek (Manassas Junction, VA)
30K Union troops marched from DC to attack Confederate forces
Union was close to victory
Confederate reinforcements under Gen. Stonewall Jackson counterattacked & sent Union troops in disorderly & panicky flight back to DC
“Rebel Yell”
IMPACT: North realized it was going to be a LONG & bloody war; South grew complacent and had trouble with deserters (felt the war was over)

14. Anaconda Plan
Union military strategy to strangle the South by blockading its coasts
Control the Mississippi to cut of Confederacy in half
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Capture key cities in the South: Richmond, Atlanta, Charleston

16. Eastern Theater: Peninsula Campaign (April-June ’62)
Union Gen. McClellan insisted that his troops be given a good training & discipline before heading into battle
McClellan often overcautious & exasperated Lincoln
McClellan’s army invaded VA b/t James & York Rivers vs. direct attack
McClellan met the brilliant military tactics of Confederate Gen. Lee.
McClellan was forced to retreat and ordered back over the Potomac…and replaced.
RESULT: CONFEDERATE VICTORY

17. 2nd Battle of BR (July ’62)
Lee took advantage of the change of Union Generals
Tricked the new Union Gen (Pope)
Struck the enemy’s flank
Sent the Union army backward toward BR
Union Gen. Pope retreated back to DC
RESULT: CONFEDERATE VICTORY
McClellan replaced Pope

18. Antietam (Sept. ’62)
Lee invaded Maryland to take it from the Union & encourage foreign intervention (GB) on behalf of the South
McClellan knew of Lee’s plans b/c of copy of battle plans had been dropped by Con. officer.
Resulted in the bloodiest single day of battle
OUTCOME: Lee forced to retreat back into VA; McClellan removed for the final time by Lincoln for failing to pursue Lee’s weakness…militarily a DRAW between both sides
IMPACT: South didn’t receive recognition or aid from a foreign power; opened the door for Emancipation Proclamation

20. Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln’s declaration that freed enslaved people in the rebelling territory, but not slaves in the Union or Border States
Did Lincoln have that authority?
CONFISCATION ACT: Union army could confiscate slaves as they invaded South on the basis they were “contraband” of war

21. Impact of Emancipation Proclamation
Many Northerners felt it went too far; opposed fighting an “abolition war”
Desertions increased from Border States
Republicans lost mid-term elections
Abolitionists thought Lincoln did not go far enough; though some pleased
South accused Lincoln of trying to stir up a slave insurrection

23. Bell Ringer: Brainstorming Ideas
Respond to the following question by creating a thesis statement and a brief outline of key points you will make.
“The South never had a chance to win the Civil War.” Assess this statement with respect to specific military, economic, political, and social factors.

24. Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec. ’62)
New Union Gen. Burnside recklessly attacked CSA Gen. Lee in Fredericksburg.
Union suffered deep losses
The romance fell out of war
SIGNIFICANCE: no prospect of military victory for either side

26. Monitor vs. Merrimac (Spring ‘62)
Union tried to keep economic & naval advantages over the South
During the Peninsula Campaign, CSA was able to slip the Merrimac into the river and attack the Union wooden ships
Union countered with its own ironclad, Monitor
The 2 ships lasted for 5-hours & ended in a draw.
RESULT: Union was able to stop the South’s new weapon from breaking the blockade. Both ironclads destroyed wooden sailing ships for future of naval warfare.

28. Foreign Affairs during the War
Trent Affair: CSA sent delegates to GB for recognition of the CSA. Union stopped ship & delegates held prisoner…later released but never gained recognition
Raiders: CSA was purchasing old ships from GB, Union stopped future sales by threatening war with GB
“King Cotton”: GB found other sources for its demand of cotton (Egypt, India)

29. 2 Factors of GB not recognizing CSA
Failure of clear CSA victory at Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery the main objective for the Union. This appealed to British working class

30. Thirteenth Amendment
Standing in the way of full emancipation was the U.S. Constitution
Process was started on passing an amendment (passed after Lincoln’s death)
Simply stated: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

31. Freedmen in the War
After the E.P., hundreds of thousands of southern slaves walked away from slavery to seek protection from approaching Union armies.
200K African Americans fought in segregated regiments in the Union army and navy
Ex: Massachusetts 54th Regiment (Glory)

32. The Union Triumphs (1863-1865) Turning Points
Vicksburg (Spring 1863): Union controlled most of Mississippi River & New Orleans. Grant began siege against city of Vicksburg. After 7 weeks, Confederates surrendered the city. Union now controlled Mississippi & cut TX, LA, & Ark. from rest of Confederacy
Gettysburg (July 1863): Lee took offensive leading an army into Maryland; 3 day decisive battle of the war; went back and forth b/t USA & CSA; Lee retreated & never regained the offensive

35. Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

36. Union changes command…again…Grant
After wins in the West, Grant was named commander of ALL the Union Armies & moved to Virginia.
Grant realized the South’s supplies were quickly running out & systematically began to wear down the South
Warfare changed and trenches were used
No longer was this a war “between gentlemen” but a total modern war against civilians as well as soldiers.

37. 1864…war winds down
Sherman’s March (Sept ‘64 to Feb ‘65): Started from Chattanooga to Atlanta to Savannah to Columbia & north; army of 100K destroyed everything in its path—everything the CSA could use to survive
IMPACT: broke the will of the South & its ability to fight on

39. Election of 1864 Republican: Abraham Lincoln (i)
Democrat: Gen. George McClellan

40. The End of the War
Effects of blockade, Sherman, spread hunger in much of the South
Grant continued to outflank Lee’s army until they Petersburg followed by Richmond (April 1865)
Confederate army surrounded near Appomattox Court House in VA
April 9, 1865Lee surrendered to Grant

41. Assassination of Lincoln
April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shot the Ford’s Theater
Conspirator attacked Sec. of State Seward

44. Write and Share:
With a partner (or two) respond to the following question.
Identify and analyze several important factors that led to the Civil War.

45. Political, Economic, & Social Change
Effects of the War on Civilian Life
Political, Economic, & Social Change

46. Political Change Electoral process continued during the War
Civil Liberties: during the war, the gov was more concerned w/ war than protecting citizens’ constitutional rights
Ex Parte Milligan (1866): Supreme Court ruled that the gov acted properly in Indiana where some citizens had been subject to military trials
Draft: started w/ volunteer force, later conscription of those yrs old; find suitable substitute or pay $300 fee

47. Political Change (cont.)
Long-term effects: balance of power shifted between the North and South
After the C.W., the supremacy of the federal government over states was treated as an est. fact.
Abolition of slavery gave new meaning and legitimacy to the concept of American democracy

48. Economic Change
North financed the war ($2.6 BILLION) by the sale of government bonds. Still not enough:
Raising tariffs (Morrill Tariff); adding excise taxes; and instituting the first income tax
Greenbacks: issued by U.S. Treasury but not redeemable for gold; led to inflation
Modernizing northern economy: no real significant change; CON: workers’ wages did not keep up w/ inflation; PRO: modernized and consolidated the industries

49. Economic Change (cont.)
Republicans in Congress passed ambitious economic programs:
National banking system
Morrill Tariff Act: raise revenue & protect American businesses
Homestead Act: promoted settlement in Great Plains by offering 160 acres if ind/family farmed it for 5 years
Morrill Land Grant: encouraged states to use sale of federal lands to maintain ag & tech colleges
Pacific Railway Act: transcontinental RR

50. Social Change Women: Effects:
Filled in for men who were off fighting (fields, factories, offices, stores, gov) in North & South
Served as military nurses
Effects:
Field of nursing opened to women
Opened the door for equal voting rights

51. Social Change (cont.)
Biggest group impacted: former slaves (3.5 in South, 500K in border states)
13th Amendment banned slavery
Tragic human loss as result of war:
620K men died
$15 billion in war costs & damaged property
Destroyed slavery and southern economy
Catalyst for transformation to modern industrial society

52. Chapter 22
Reconstruction

53. Reconstruction? YEARS: 1865-1877
Attempt to achieve national reunification and reconciliation after the Civil War and improve life of former slaves
4 Questions to answer:
How to rebuild the South?
What would be the condition of the A-A in the South?
How would the South be integrated into the Union?
Who would control the process: Southern states, president or Congress?

54. Q#1: How to rebuild the South?
Passing of the 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments were passed
Outlawed slavery (13)
Defined a citizen (14)
Suffrage regardless of race or color (15)
Major Southern cities destroyed
Banks, factories, transportation in ruins
Cotton fields were full of weeds

56. Q#2: What would be the condition of the A-A in the South?
Freedmen’s Bureau: to help the unskilled, uneducated, poverty-stricken ex-slaves to survive (social services, medical care, etc)

57. Q#3: How would the South be integrated into the Union?
Southern states had
to ratify the 13-15th Amendments
Swear allegiance to the US
Obey emancipation

58. Q#4: Who would control the process: Southern states, president or Congress?
Lincoln and Congress had varying views on what to do with the rebelling states:
Lincoln: recognize a new state gov; 10% of ex-Confederate voters to pledge loyalty of the US and obey emancipation
Congress: 50% ex-Confederate voters to pledge loyalty; iron-clad oath; saw CSA as “conquered territory” and subject to Congress’ conditions and wishes

59. Reconstructing Society
Physical and Economic Conditions
Buildings, infrastructure, farms destroyed throughout South
People poor; property value plummets, Confederate bonds worthless
1/5 white males dead, many maimed; tens of thousands black males dead
African Americans as Voters
African Americans are largest group of Southern Republicans

60. Society during Reconstruction
Politics and African Americans
1865–1877, African Americans hold local, state, federal office
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
Landless African Americans sign labor contracts with planters
- neither freedmen nor planters happy with system
Sharecropping—owner gives land, seed, tools for part of crops
Tenant farming—rent land from owner; buy own tools

63. Collapse of Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)—Confederate veterans group that turns terrorist
Grows rapidly; aims to restore white supremacy
The Panic of 1873
Business opportunities in South lead investors to excessive debt
Largest government securities dealer bankrupts, starts panic of 1873
banks, businesses close; stock market collapses
Panic triggers 5-year economic depression

64. Ending of Reconstruction
Election of 1876
Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, not Grant
Democrats choose Governor Samuel J. Tilden
Tilden wins popular vote, 1 shy of electoral; 20 electoral disputed
Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets presidency, Democrats get:
- federal troops leave LA, SC
- funding for Southern railroad, waterways
- conservative Southerner in cabinet
Compromise means end of Reconstruction

65. Legacy of Reconstruction
Republicans fail to protect rights they gave to former slaves
Unwillingness to distribute land blocks economic independence
Amendments abolish slavery, give basis for civil rights legislation
African-American schools, civic groups increase literacy, opportunity