1. Unit 5:Advanced First Aid
Monday 23rd April 2012
Unit 5:Advanced First Aid

2. Task 3: your log……. So far, we have covered….. DRABC
Unconscious/conscious casualty
CPR
Fainting
Shock
Angina/Heart attack
Internal/External bleeding
Penetrating Chest wounds

3. Outcomes for today Identify the structure of the respiratory tract
Describe the functioning of the respiratory system
Define hypoxia
Identify and explain the causes of hypoxia
Define hyperventilation
Explain the treatment of hyperventilation
Demonstrate how to manage an incident of choking

4. The Respiratory System

5. Hypoxia
“Insufficient oxygen in the body tissues”, which results in a deterioration in body function.
First aid manual, 9th edition

6. Signs and symptoms
rapid breathing (tachypnoea)
Breathing that is distressed or gasping
Difficulty speaking
Cyanosis (grey-blue skin)
Anxiety
Restlessness
Headache
Nausea and, possibly vomiting
Respiratory arrest (breathing stops)
Initially cyanosis will be more obvious in the extremities, such as lips, nailbeds, earlobes (peripheral cyanosis). As the condition worsens, the rest of the body will be affected (central cyanosis)

7. Causes of Hypoxia Injury or condition Causes
Insufficient oxygen in inspired air
Airway obstruction
Conditions affecting the chest wall
Impaired lung function
Damage to the brain or nerves that control respiration
Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues

8. Causes of hypoxia Injury or condition Causes
Insufficient oxygen in inspired air
Suffocation by smoke or gas; Changes in atmospheric pressure, eg at high altitude or in a depressurised aircraft
Airway obstruction
Blocking or swelling of the airway; hanging or strangulation; asthma; choking; anaphylaxis; something covering the nose and mouth
Conditions affecting the chest wall
Crush injuries; chest wall injury with multiple rib fractures or constricting burns
Impaired lung function
Lung injury; collapsed lung; lung infections
Damage to the brain or nerves that control respiration
Head injury or stroke; some forms of poisoning; paralysis of nerves controlling the muscles of breathing eg spinal cord injury
Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues
Carbon monoxide poisoning, shock.

9. What is hyperventilation?
A manifestation of acute anxiety, and may accompany a panic attack.
Hyperventilation causes an increased loss of carbon dioxide from the blood, leading to chemical changes within the blood

10. Signs and symptoms Unnaturally fast breathing Fast pulse rate
Apprehension
Dizziness or faintness
Trembling, sweating, dry mouth
Tingling and cramps in the fingers, hands, feet and mouth
Reference: First aid manual, 9th edition

11. Treatment and care of hyperventilation
Remove casualty from cause of distress
Speak clearly-be firm, calm, kind and reassuring
DO NOT- rebreathe air from a paper bag
Reference: First aid manual, 9th edition
how-to-help-someone-with-hyperventilation

12. Choking

13. Choking- signs and symptoms
Ask the casualty – “Are you choking?”
Mild obstruction: casualty able to speak, breathe and cough
Severe obstruction: casualty unable to speak, breathe or cough, with eventual loss of consciousness
SJA- girl choking on popcorn

14. Choking-Treatment and care
choking scenario
red cross video
child choking scenario

15. REMEMBER…..
Any casualty who has been given abdominal thrusts MUST seek medical advice
If the casualty loses consciousness, open the airway and check breathing.
If not breathing, begin CPR to try to relieve the obstruction

16. Quick quiz
1. What is hypoxia?

17. Insufficient oxygen in the body tissues”, which results in a deterioration in body function.

18. 2. List 10 causes of hypoxia

19. Suffocation by smoke or gas,
Changes in atmospheric pressure, as in an aircraft
Blocking or swelling of airway,
Hanging or strangulation,
Something covering the mouth and nose,
Asthma,
Choking,
Anaphylaxis.
Crushing, for example by a fall of earth or sand or pressure from a crowd,
Chest wall injury, such as multiple rib fractures or constricting burns
Lung injury, collapsed lung, lung infections such as pneumonia
A head injury or stroke that damages the breathing centre in the brain,
Poisoning,
Paralysis of the nerves controlling the muscles of breathing such as spinal cord injury.
Carbon monoxide poisoning, shock.

20. 3. Identify 5 symptoms of hypoxia

21. rapid breathing (tachypnoea)
Breathing that is distressed or gasping
Difficulty speaking
Cyanosis (grey-blue skin)
Anxiety
Restlessness
Headache
Nausea and, possibly vomiting
Respiratory arrest (breathing stops)

22. 4. Identify 3 actions you could take to help a person who is hyperventilating

23. Remove casualty from cause of distress
Speak clearly-be firm, calm, kind and reassuring
Try to use guided breathing technique to slow respirations

24. 5. Explain how you would help some one who is choking

25. Encourage casualty to cough
Remove any obvious obstruction
5 sharp back blows
5 abdominal thrusts
Repeat cycle 3 times, check mouth after each step

26. UNIT 5: advanced first aid
Asthma

27. what is asthma?

28. “Incidence”, OR, How common is asthma?
5.4m people in the UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma.
1.1m children in the UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma.
There is a person with asthma in one in five households in the UK.

29. What happens during an asthma “attack”?
Air enters the respiratory
system from the nose and mouth, and travels through the bronchial tubes.
In response to an irritant, the muscles of the bronchial tubes go into spasm. They tighten and thicken, and become swollen, making it difficult for air to move.
what happens during an asthma attack?

30. Why does this happen? You may be more likely to develop asthma if….
what causes asthma?
Many things can trigger an asthma attack-it tends to be very different for each individual.
asthma triggers

31. Asthma: signs and symptoms
Difficulty breathing
Wheezing
Difficulty speaking, leading to short sentences and whispering
Coughing
Distress and anxiety
Cyanosis (features of hypoxia)
Exhaustion

32. Care and Treatment Keep calm and reassure the casualty
Get them to have a puff of their inhaler
Encourage them to breathe deeply and slowly
Encourage them to sit in a comfortable position
A mild attack should ease in a few minutes. If not get them to take another dose of inhaler
If attack is severe, call for emergency help
Monitor vital signs until help arrives
what to do during an asthma attack

33. Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening, generalised or systemic hypersensitivity reaction.

34. Anaphylaxis
It is characterised by rapidly developing life-threatening airway and/or breathing and/or circulation problems usually associated with skin and mucosal changes.

35. What happens during “anaphylaxis”?
what happens during an allergic reaction?
how allergies
develop

36. Signs and symptoms Red, itchy skin or weals Red, itchy watery eyes
Swelling of hands, feet, and/or face
Abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea
Difficulty breathing, (ranging from tight chest to severe difficulty, causing wheezing and gasping)
Pale or flushed skin
Visible swelling of tongue and throat with puffiness around eyes
Feeling of terror
Confusion and agitation
Signs of shock, leading to collapse and loss of consciousness

37. Recognising anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is likely when all of the following 3 criteria are met:
Sudden onset and rapid progression of symptoms
Life-threatening Airway and/or Breathing and/or Circulation problems
Skin and/or mucosal changes (flushing, urticaria, angioedema)
The following supports the diagnosis:
Exposure to a known allergen for the patient

38. Care and treatment
Patients having an anaphylactic reaction in any setting should expect the following as a minimum:
1. Recognition that they are seriously unwell.
2. An early call for help: tell ambulance control that you suspect anaphylaxis
Check whether casualty is carrying Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and help them to use it. Administer into thigh, it can be given through clothing)
Help casualty to sit up in the position that best relieves any breathing difficulties (if she becomes pale with a weak pulse, help her to lie down with legs raised and treat for shock)
Monitor and record vital signs and level of response while waiting for help to arrive.
Repeated doses of Adrenaline (epinephrine) can be given at 5 minute intervals if no improvement