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Ecology & Biodiversity ppt NOTES. (Biomes)

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1 Ecology & Biodiversity ppt NOTES. (Biomes)
Please USE ES LINKS – Glossary or “Science Dictionary” Link or find your own...

2 Unit 9 Ecology, Biomes and Biodiversity - 29 terms
Coniferous Deciduous Decomposition Desert Ecosystem Savanna Temperate Forest Terrestrial Biome Tundra Abiotic Factor Biotic Factor Taiga Tropical Rainforest Aquatic Biome

3 Unit 9 Ecology, Biomes and Biodiversity - 29 terms
Food chain Food web Habitat Ecology Biosphere Biodiversity Invasive species Limiting Factor Population Carrying Capacity Sustainable Use / Sustainability Extinction Restoration Natural Selection

4 Ecology Ecology- the study of interactions that take place between organisms and their environment. 2 things. Is a Branch of biology that developed from natural history. Ecological research includes using descriptive and quantitative (Numerical Data) methods to explain both the environment and its organisms.

5 Biosphere Biosphere- the portion of the Earth that supports living things High in atmosphere to bottom of oceans Ecologists- study how organism survive and reproduce under different physical and biological conditions in Earth’s biosphere

6 Producers and Consumers
Producer (Autotroph) – an organism that makes its own food and stores energy Ex: plants Consumer (Heterotroph) – an organism that obtains food and energy by eating other organisms Ex: humans

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8 Consumers Decomposer – organisms that obtain energy by breaking down wastes and the remains of dead organisms Examples: mushrooms and earthworms

9 Consumers Herbivores – organisms that eat only plants Example: cattle
Carnivores – organisms that eat only animals Example: coyotes Omnivores – organisms that eat both plants and animals Example: bears

10 Organized Levels of an Ecosystem.

11 LEVELS of ORGANIZATION OF an Ecosystem: LIST THEM.
Population-is defined as a group of organisms of one species that have the ability to interbreed and who live in the same area at the same time. Community- is a group or an assemblage of interacting populations occupying a given area.

12 Food Chains Food chain- simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem Nutrients and energy move from autotrophs to heterotrophs and, eventually, to decomposers. Total Energy is lost at every level as it moves. About 10% each level.

13 YELLOW 3 kinds of Symbiosis- the mutually beneficial relationship between two groups of organisms.

14 Food Chains cont. Food chains are drawn using arrows to indicate the direction in which energy is transferred berries→mice→black bear Algae →little fish→big fish→humans The amount of energy transferred decreases with each step on the food chain.

15 Food Chain

16 Energy Flow through a Food Chain. (Sun to Plants to Grasshoppers etc.)

17 Food Webs Show a series of overlapping or connected food chains that exist in an ecosystem. More accurate than a food chain because they show ALL the feeding relationships with in an ecosystem

18 Food Web

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20 Food Web.. If one part is removed how is the rest effected?

21 What is a biome? Biome- large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climate communities 2 Types of Biomes Aquatic – around water Terrestrial – on Land.

22 Biomes Biome = major regional complex of similar communities recognized by… Type of Soil Plant type Vegetation structure Koeppen Classification system – on a Map- Divides Climates into five basic types based on ave monthly temperatures , precipitation and types of vegetation. See map next slide..

23 Koeppen Classification system

24 Multiple factors determine a biome
The type of biome depends on abiotic factors (are the Non living parts of the environment) Soil Type, Temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation Climatographs = a climate diagram showing An area’s mean monthly temperature and precipitation Similar biomes occupy similar latitudes

25 Limiting Factors Limiting Factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms Availability of water and food Predators Temperature This could set a chain of limiting factors Ex) the lack of water limits the amount of grass that will grow The amount of grass limits the amount of seeds they produce The seeds that mice eat are limited; therefore, there are not as many mice The limit on the number of mice reduces the population of the hawks that eat mice

26 Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment Ex: temperature, rainfall, altitude, latitude, wind, sunlight, soil Biotic factors- all living organisms that inhabit an environment Ex. animals, plants, and the decomposers or detritus feeders which include fungi and bacteria

27 Take notes: Youtube videos on
Ecosystems - Limiting Factors and Carrying Capacity. Abiotic and Biotic Factors in an Ecosystem.

28 After the videos – know this..
Limiting Factors = control population growth. EX food, shelter …  Carrying Capacity = # of individual of a species an ecosystem can support. QS : Think about and describe the relationship between carrying capacity and Earth's resources? Answer: A population that increases will eventually overuse the amount of Earth's resources available. OR a population above the carrying capacity will have a decrease in natural resources.

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30 BIOMES: Aquatic Various aquatic systems comprise distinct communities
Coastlines, continental shelves, wetlands, swamps. Open ocean, deep sea Coral reefs, kelp forests We have talked about Photic zones or shallow areas.. Bays, estuaries, coral reefs, and Aphotic zones or deep water areas that have no sunlight. Aphotic are less explored and ROV’s are sent to gather data.

31 Biomes: Aquatic Systems
Some coastal systems (estuaries, marshes, etc.) have both – aquatic (water) and terrestrial (land) components. Aquatic systems are shaped by Water temperature, salinity or no salinity, and dissolved nutrients Wave action, currents, depth, light levels Substrate type, and animal and plant life

32 BIOMES: Temperate Forests
Deciduous trees lose their leaves each fall They remain dormant during winter Mid-latitude forests in Europe, East China, Eastern North America Even, year-round precipitation Fertile soils Forests = oak, beech, maple

33 Biomes: Temperate grasslands
More extreme temperature difference Between winter and summer Less precipitation Also called steppe or prairie Once widespread, but has been converted to agriculture Bison, prairie dogs, ground-nesting birds, pronghorn

34 Biomes: Temperate Forests & Temperate Rainforest
Coastal Pacific Northwest Great deal of precipitation. Coniferous trees: keep their cones, needles, and leaves having only the oldest leaves fall off. cedar, spruce, hemlock, fir Moisture-loving animals Banana slug Erosion and landslides affect the fertile soil Lumber and paper Most old-growth is gone

35 Biomes: Tropical rainforest
Southeast Asia, west Africa Central and South America Year-round rain and warm temperatures Dark and damp Lush vegetation Most Diversity of species of all Biomes. But in low densities Very poor, acidic soils

36 Biomes: Tropical dry forest
Also called tropical deciduous forest Plants drop leaves during the dry season India, Africa, South America, north Australia Wet and dry seasons Warm, but less rainfall Converted to agriculture Severe soil erosion

37 Biomes: Savannas Savannas--are Grasslands interspersed with trees
Africa, South America, Australia, India Two seasons- wet and dry. Precipitation is only during the rainy season Kinds of “Herd” Animals gather near water holes Ex: Zebras, gazelles, giraffes, lions, hyenas

38 Biomes: Desert Minimal precipitation Warm, ARID, Dry Area. Few plants
Some are bare, with sand dunes (Sahara) Some are heavily vegetated (Sonoran) They are not always hot Temperatures vary widely Saline soils Animals = nocturnal, nomadic Plants = thick skins, spines

39 Biomes: Tundra Russia, Canada, Scandinavia Minimal precipitation
Extremely cold winters Permafrost = permanently frozen soil Melting due to climate change Few animals: polar bears, musk oxen, caribou, migratory birds Lichens, low vegetation, few trees

40 Biomes: Boreal forest (Taiga)
Canada, Alaska, Russia, Scandinavia A few Coniferous - evergreen tree species. Cool and dry climate Long, cold winters Short, cool summers Nutrient poor, acidic soil Moose, wolves, bears, lynx, migratory birds

41 Biomes: Chaparral -”a dry land”
This area occurs in small patches around the globe. Mediterranean Sea, Chile, Southern California, South Australia seasonal biome Mild, wet winters Warm, dry summers Frequent fires Densely thicketed, evergreen shrubs and short trees

42 Altitudes create “latitudinal patterns”
Vegetative communities rapidly change along mountain slopes of higher altitude. -- so plant- life changes as altitude changes. The climate varies with altitude A mountain climber in the Andes- Begins in the tropics and ends up on a glacier.

43 Rainshadow Effect Rainshadow effect = air going over a mountain releases moisture Creating an arid region on the other side See the nest 2 slides on OROGRAPHIC LIFTING. The Left side has Rain and MOISTURE. The Right side of the mountain will be arid and DRY.

44 Orographic Lifting Clouds can also form when wind encounters a mountains and the only way for it to go is up. This is the beginning of orographic lifting where the rising air expands and cools Clouds also form when air masses of different temperatures collide and cause condensation

45 Mr. Fetch's Earth Science Class
Orographic Lifting Air BACK Mr. Fetch's Earth Science Class

46 Hiking up a mountain in the southwest U. S
Hiking up a mountain in the southwest U.S. is like walking from Mexico to Canada

47 Biodiversity Biodiversity - Is the variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations Biodiversity is the Sum total of all organisms living in an specific area. Biosphere – means all life on Earth Rain forests have “more biodiversity” than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human activities. Deforestation, Cattle Raising – causing loss of TREES.

48 Principles of Population Growth
Population- a group of organisms, all of the same species, that live in a specific area There are populations of maple trees, fruit flies, blue birds, and house cats Every organism is a member of a population A healthy population will grow and die on its own unless attacked in some way Loss of water, food, or space; predators

49 Studying Population Changes
Scientists study changes in populations in a variety of ways They introduce organisms into an environment and document how the existing organisms react. This happens when you introduce bacteria into oil- you can watch the growth of the population Studying populations of larger organisms (moose) in a national park require monitors spaced throughout the park

50 How Fast Do Populations Grow?
The graph of a growing population starts out slowly, then begins to resemble a J-shaped curve The rate of growth increases, because there are more individuals that are able to reproduce The J-shaped curve represents exponential growth Exponential growth means that as the population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate This has unchecked growth J -Shaped Population Curve Graph.

51 What Limits Growth? Population growth is not infinite
Limiting factors, such as availability of food, disease, predators, or lack of space, will cause growth to slow This causes a S-shaped growth curve S – Shaped population Curve Graph.

52 Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity- the number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely. Maximum population that lives. When a population reaches or exceeds carrying capacity, the limiting factors come into effect The number of deaths exceeds the number of births until the population falls below carrying capacity Many different types of populations do this naturally Ex) bacteria, butterflies, flowers, deer

53 Density-dependent factors
Disease, competition, predators, parasites, food Have an increasing effect as population increases The factors affect populations that live closer together more Density-independent factors- can affect populations regardless of their density Most are abiotic factors (volcanic eruptions, temperature, storms, floods, drought, etc.) All populations can be affected, but the most vulnerable are small organisms (insects)

54 World Population Every 10 years, a census is taken.
This shows how many people live in US, where they are, and economic condition The United Nations Population Division tracks this information all over the world One thing they use is the rate of population growth and decline These figures are used for demography The study of human population size, density and distribution, movement, and birth/ death rates

55 Human Population Growth
Population growth is different in humans compared to other organisms, because humans can consciously change their environments Humans have eradicated diseases (small pox) Humans developed methods for producing more food and clean water Infant mortality has decreased These factors result in humans living longer and producing offspring that live longer

56 Ecology and Growth The needs of populations differ throughout the world Some are concerned about providing the most basic needs for their growing population Other populations of stable growth are concerned about maintaining the healthy conditions that they already have Population needs Uncontaminated water, agriculture, adequate sewage facilities, the ability to provide food

57 Measuring Biodiversity
(2002) 1.75 million species identified Estimated about 14 million Insects account for 50%

58 Genetic diversity- overall population … Frogs
Concerns include bison, crop plants, cheetahs All Species diversity in a communities. How all species interact in the Community. Global effects – speciation and extinction Local effects – immigration and emigration Ex: Deer, squirrels, rabbits together.. Ecosystem diversity Community diversity Habitat diversity Landscape diversity

59 Natural Selection is…. --the process by which heritable traits that increase an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction are favored than less beneficial traits. natural selection is the process that results in the evolution of organism. Survival of the fittest.

60 Read this short Article on “Natural Selection” and “Adaptations” of the Zebra. “How Zebras Got Their Stripes” Are a zebra’s stripes an adaptation of natural selection? If so, are they a structural or behavior adaptation? Zebra stripes are definitely an adaptation. Stripes were originally a mutation, or genetic change, in a zebra’s fur. Due to the helpful nature of the mutation, it was passed down from one generation to the next. ( the stripes were “some sort of advantage that allowed [zebras] to reproduce more prolifically than their unstriped brethren.”) As more and more zebras inherited the mutation, the mutation became a typical part of the species—an adaptation. Zebra stripes are definitely a structural adaptation, meaning they are a physical part (fur) of the animal itself.

61 Causes of Extinction of a Species HIPPCO to remember
Causes of Extinction of a Species HIPPCO to remember. Threats to biodiversity. Habitat Destruction and Loss Invasive Species – note Pollution Population Climate Change Overexploitation

62 Causes of Extinction of a Species H - HIPPCO
Habitat destruction or alteration Habitat degradation- the damage to a habitat by pollution Grazing, farming  desertification Damming of rivers Urbanization and suburban sprawl Global climate change

63 I - HIPPCO Invasive species –
Cane Toads, KUDZO vines (see pic), fire ants, Asian Tiger mosquito

64 Invasive Species – Video clips.
Cane Toads. KUDZO Vines Asian Tiger Mosquito

65 Causes of Extinction of a Species P -HIPPCO
Pollution Air pollution degrades forests. Water pollution affects fish and amphibians.

66 P - HIPPCO Population growth poses a threat indirectly through other components of the HIPPCO dilemma.

67 Causes of Extinction of a Species C - HIPPCO Climate Change
May cause the following: changes in distribution of species, increased extinction rates, changes in reproduction timings, and changes in length of growing seasons for plants.

68 O -HIPPCO Overexploitation basically overuse- depletes resources and availability of material or organism. “Overharvesting” – hunting, commercial fishing “Overconsumption” – use of paper products

69 Search for Solutions on Protecting Species from extinction. .
Conservation biology Umbrella species Endangered species act Captive breeding, reintroduction efforts Cloning International conservation efforts Biodiversity hotspots Community based conservation

70 Endangered or Threatened Species.
A species is considered an endangered species when its numbers become so low that extinction is possible Ex) California Condor, Sea Turtles A threatened species is one that the population is likely to be endangered Ex) African Elephants These species (threatened and endangered) are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service all over the world.

71 Problems to our Ecosystems.
1. Pollutants can enter the atmosphere in many ways This includes volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and burning fossil fuels, fertilizers, industrial chemicals, ocean garbage. 2. -Acid precipitation- 3. -Holes in the OZONE are produced by chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 4. -Invasive Species (exotic) Ex) Goats were brought to Santa Catalina Island in California and 48 species of plants disappeared from the local environment Ex) The Erie canal made it possible for sea lamprey to swim into the Great Lakes. They would suck fluids from the fish and they eliminated several species of fish

72 MORE ABOUT SPECIES: The “Benefits” of Biodiversity- and the “NON-Benefits” of having many different Species Valuable ecosystem services Provides “keystone species” Natural classrooms with lots of food webs. Enhances food security Provides traditional medicines Provides economic benefits – tourism. A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. The most common examples of "keystone species" are the beaver, sea otter, and grizzly bear in North America and the African elephant.

73 Biodiversity Hotspots
Protects specific areas rather than species. Hotspot – area that supports a great diversity of species

74 Invasive species threaten stability
Invasive species = non-native (exotic) organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community. Introduced deliberately or accidentally from elsewhere Growth-limiting factors (predators, disease, competitors, etc.) are removed or absent

75 How Invasive Species Are Successful
No natural predators Checks and balances are not present Introduction could be natural due to climate change Establish by taking over native species Needs to be a suitable climate and have enough resources May form mutualistic relationships with native species – meaning a give and take relationship.

76 Look Up the Invasive Species in NC
Picked for attractiveness and hardiness Bradford pear, Chinese privet, Queen Anne’s Lace Invasive Species: Tend to be thought of as native, but are not and have been introduced either by people, shipments or other ways from imported goods or tourists returning with items.

77 Examples of Nonnative Species in NC
Birds: Starling from Europe, pigeons native to Europe, house sparrows and house finches Plants: princess tree, kudzu, English ivy Fish: carp, catfish, rainbow trout

78 Two invasive mussels – Zebra and Quagga MUSSELS. Video clip

79 Negative Impacts of Invasive Species
Prey on native species Carry and spread disease Outcompete native species for resources Degrade overall health of forest Decrease biodiversity

80 In North Carolina, most of the mature Piedmont forests are dominated by deciduous trees, while most mature coastal upland forests are dominated by evergreen conifers. What factor contributes to this difference? Answer: Most soils in coastal areas are sand-rich and of high permeability, favoring the deep root systems typical of coniferous trees.

81 Controlling invasive species
Removing them manually Applying toxic chemicals Drying them out Depriving them of oxygen Stressing them with heat, sound, electricity, carbon dioxide, or ultraviolet light Control and eradication are hard and expensive Prevention, rather than control, is the best policy

82 Invasive Species are costly.
The cost to control invasive species and the damages they inflict upon property and natural resources in the U.S. is estimated at $137 billion annually. North Carolina has been invaded by a number of harmful exotic plants and animals.

83 Altered communities can be restored
Humans have dramatically changed ecological systems Severely degraded systems cease to function Ecological restoration = efforts to restore communities are all good and costly.

84 Restoration Restoration is informed by restoration ecology - the science of restoring an area to an earlier condition To restore the system’s functionality (i.e. filtering of water by a wetland) It is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive $$$ It is best to protect natural systems from degradation in the first place

85 Restoration efforts Prairie restoration = replanting native species, controlling invasive species The world’s largest project = Florida Everglades Flood control and irrigation removed water Populations of wading birds dropped 90-95% It will take 30 years and billions of dollars to restore natural water flow in the everglades.

86 Everglade Restoration Video clips.
mins mins Tour of the Everglades 3:30 mins Look for a Kahoot Review on Ecology.. On my webpage..


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