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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

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1 Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

2 What is Psychology?

3 Prescientific Psychology
What is the relationship of the mind to the body? Mind and body are connected Mind and body are distinct The Hebrews Socrates Aristotle Plato Augustine Descartes How did our minds work? Socrates and his student Plato: Mind is separab *

4 Prescientific Psychology
How are ideas formed? Some ideas are inborn The mind is a blank slate Socrates Aristotle Plato Locke Descartes: Agreed with Socrates and Plato (innate ideas)//mind being entirely distinct from the body=survive death///”animal spirits”=nerves Bacon:Experiment, experience, and common-sense judgement—founders of modern science Locke: Mind at birth on which experience writes *

5 Psychology as a Science
STRUCURALISM Wilhelm Wundt…father of Psychology Established 1st formal psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany Goal was to study consciousness—how the elements of the mind are organized and related to one another Used introspection- looking inward Reaction time experiment: ”Atoms of the mind”---fastest and simplest mental process Reaction time experiment: Hearing a ball hit a platform and hitting a key (sound vs awareness) To be aware of ones awareness takes longer *

6 Psychology as a Science FUNCTIONALISM
1ST American psychologist Criticized Wundt for ideas being too narrow and boring Influenced by Darwin Interested in understanding how consciousness (like thoughts and feelings) functions to help people adapt to their environments Used introspection but also questionnaires and mental tests Report elements of their experience as they looked at a rose---What is your immediate sensations images, feelings Required: smart verbal people----unreliable---results varied from person to person William James *

7 Psychological Science (modern) PSYCHOANALYSIS
1ST to focus on abnormal behaviors Believed all behavior & mental processes are directed by unconscious forces Problems arise from unresolved conflict in the unconscious mind Used free association and dream analysis to explore unconscious mind Ideas were (and still are) controversial, yet have great influence on the field of psychology Rebelled against behaviorism and Freudian psychology Emphasized the importance of current enviornmental influences on our growth potential and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied Sigmund Freud *

8 Psychology as a science (modern) BEHAVIORISM
Very popular from 1920s-1960s Disagreed with practically everyone in field Believed that psychology should only study what could be observed and measured objectively (Watson) Also insisted that solely external factors shape behaviors (Skinner) Thoughts & “hidden parts of the mind” not relevant. J.B Watson Science of behavior and mental processes Behavior=anything an organism does (any action we can observe and record) Mental processess=internal subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings. B.F Skinner *

9 Contemporary Psychology
We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings). Psychology’s Big Debate Nature vs. Nurture Controversy over whether human traits and behaviors are based on biology (nature) or one’s environment/experiences (nurture)

10 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

11 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

12 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

13 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

14 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Questions for study Neuroscience Understanding how the brain and body create thoughts, emotions and memories How are messages transmitted throughout the body? How is blood chemistry linked with motives? Evolutionary How the natural selection process has caused behavior (genes) to develop/adapt How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior genetics How much our genes and environment influence individual differences To what extent does our genes/environ. Impact personality, intelligence, or mental disorders? Psychodynamic Emphasis on the unconscious as director of all behavior How does the energy from the unconscious motivate our actions?

15 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Questions for study Behavioral How our behavior is shaped by the learning processes How do we use information to remember? How does interpretation impact behavior? Cognitive How we take in, store, and retrieve information, and how our perceptions influence our actions Humanistic Emphasis on human growth and potential as well as self-concept How can I make myself a better person?

16 Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus Questions for study Social- Cultural Human behavior must be interpreted in proper social and cultural context How are various ethnic groups alike? Different? How are social influences different across cultures?

17 Psychology’s subfields
Psychologist What he/she does Biological Analyzes the connection between the mind and the body Developmental Studies how behavior & mental processes change over life span Cognitive Studies how we perceive, think and solve problems Personality Investigates our persistent traits Social Explores the many ways in which people influence one another

18 Psychology’s Subfields Applied Research
Psychologist What he/she does Industrial/organizational Studies and advise on behaviors in the workplace Sports Works with athletes to help them maximize their performance School Has expertise in the problems of teaching and learning Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges Clinical Study, assess and treat people with psychological disorders

19 Definition Slides

20 Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation. *

21 Structuralism = an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

22 Functionalism = a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

23 Experimental Psychology
= the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

24 Behaviorism = the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

25 Humanistic Psychology
= historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

26 Cognitive Neuroscience
= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

27 Psychology = the science of behavior and mental processes.

28 Nature-Nurture Issue = the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

29 Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

30 Levels of Analysis = the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

31 Biopsychosocial Approach
= an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

32 Biological Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

33 Evolutionary Psychology
= the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

34 Psychodynamic Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

35 Behavioral Psychology
= the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

36 Cognitive Psychology = the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

37 Social-Cultural Psychology
= the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

38 Psychometrics = the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

39 Basic Research = pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

40 Developmental Psychology
= the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

41 Educational Psychology
= the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

42 Personality Psychology
= the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

43 Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

44 Applied Research = scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

45 Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
= the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

46 Human Factors Psychology
= the study of how people and machines interact resulting in the design of machines and environments.

47 Counseling Psychology
= a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

48 Clinical Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

49 Psychiatry = a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

50 SQ3R = a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.

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