1. Making Foreign Policy

2. The overall plan for dealing with other nations.
Policies are dictated by world events.
Basic goal is to protect the US from attack or harm (National Security)

3. 5 Goals of Foreign Policy
1. National security is essential
Without national security, our government cannot effectively meet other important goals, if the nation is under attack
2. International Trade
Vital to economic prosperity
Creates markets for American products and jobs for American workers
Promotes free and prosperous trade

4. 3. Promotes basic human rights
Basic needs and rights that all people should enjoy (food, shelter, safety, etc.)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was created by the United Nations (UN: 191 member countries that promotes world peace, justice, and cooperation, along with developing friendly relations among countries, and seeking peace to global problems) in 1948 which addresses social, economic, and human rights; contains 30 human rights, stated the way things should be done, and not the way they are

5. 4. Promoting World Peace
When other nations are at war, US trade can be disrupted and endanger the mainland
When other nations are at peace, there is no threat to the US
5. Promote Democracy Around the World
Encourages peace and thus helps protect or safety
As of 2005, apx. 37% of the worlds population dictatorships countries
These countries often practiced or permitted human rights violations

6. Minimum requirements of a democracy is that the citizens choose their authoritative leaders freely from authoritarian groups who were not chosen by the government
Countries that go beyond the democratic standard are considered fully free
In 2015 countries that are considered fully free- 24, partly free- 51, 38 meeting the minimum standard for democracy but no other range of liberties

7. The President and Foreign Policy
Looked at by Americans and others around the world to directly represent the US in foreign affairs
Works with the White House assistants with various bureaucracy departments (such as State and Defense) and agencies (such as CIA and National Security Council
Gives the President valuable information so he can make key decisions which the agencies then carry out
Sometimes the advice from the departments and agencies can be multiple that the President must choose from

8. Foreign and Military Affairs
Divided between the President and Congress by the Constitution
President is the Chief Diplomat and the Commander in Chief
Congress can only declare war
Division prohibits certain military actions and the ability to spend or withhold money for defense
Sometimes causes competition between the Executive and Legislative Branches who has more power over foreign affairs.

9. Examples: after WWII, the President had more power; late 1960’s-70’s because of Vietnam shifted back to Congress; after 9/11 shifted back to the President

10. Tools of Foreign Policy
Methods used to influence other nations while carrying out foreign policy
1. Creating Treaties
Sometimes based on defense or creating allies(nations agree to support each other if attacked)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) mutual treaty between US, Canada, and other nations of Europe (EU: and organization of independent European nations that has no natural barriers and a common currency with each other)
Must be approved by a 2/3 vote of the Congress

11. 2. Executive Agreements
Made between the President and leaders of other countries
Do note need the approval of the Senate
Usually deal with routine matters
3. Appointing Ambassadors
Must be approved by the Senate
Sent only to countries where the government is recognized
If the government of a country is thought to hold power illegally, the President can refuse to recognize that government
No ambassador will be sent to that country nor will they be allowed to send an ambassador to the US

12. 4. International Trade
President makes arrangements with other nations about products to be traded and the rules for trading
Trade sanctions: a measure where the US punishes another nation by imposing trade barriers
Embargos: another punishing tool where the US prohibits other and prohibits them all from trading with a target nation
Tariffs: taxes imposed by Customs on imported goods
Congress controls the membership in international trade groups

13. North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): an agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada to eventually eliminate all trade barriers amongst the 3 countries
World Trade Organization (WTO): International body that organizes negotiations about trade rules and provides help to countries that are trying to develop their own economy
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): 11 nation group of oil producing countries that work together on supply and demand to determine prices

14. 5. Foreign Aid
Money, food, military assistance, or other supplies given to other countries
Example: Truman Doctrine- $400 million in military and economic aid given in 1947 for Turkey and Greece
6. Military Force
A powerful tool for foreign policy decisions that must be used with great care by the President
Ex: President foreign policy ordering the death warrant of Osama Bin Laden

15. Group Activity
You will get into groups and answer the following scenarios with M-Military, T-Treaty, or FA-Foreign Aid
More than 100 U.S. citizens died when the Germans sunk a passenger ship called the Lusitania in 1915, but President Wilson did not want to enter World War I. He convinced Germany to agree to stop the attacks.
In 1917, Germany re-started its submarine attacks against unarmed ships even though it had pledged to stop. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asked the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war, and the U.S. entered World War I.

16. 3. In 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed an agreement forming an alliance. They hoped to keep the U.S. out of World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress for aid to help Great Britain fight these powers. 4. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The next day, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war against Japan. Congress acted quickly, and the U.S. officially entered World War II. 5. In order to defeat Germany in World War II, President Franklin Roosevelt worked with Great Britain to plan a major invasion of western Europe. In 1943, he appointed General Dwight Eisenhower to lead the attack.

17. 6. In 1949, after World War II, the United States and other democratic western countries formed NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It said that if any country was attacked by an outside nation, they would help defend each other. 7. After World War II, the United States gave more than $13 billion to help rebuild countries. 8. During the Cold War, the United States was determined to stop communism from spreading. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, President Truman sent U.S. troops to help stop the North Koreans. 9. In 1968, the major countries of the world agreed to the “Nuclear Non-Proliferation”

18. 10. In 1990, Iraqi leader Sadam Hussein invaded and took over neighboring Kuwait. In January 1991, Congress authorized President George H. W. Bush to lead U.S. troops into Kuwait and force the Iraqi troops to leave. 11. In 1993, the United States, Canada, and Mexico agreed to the North American Free Trade 12. On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists attacked the United States. President George W. Bush asked Congress for authority to use military force against those responsible. U.S. troops were sent to Afghanistan, where al-Qaeda leaders were based. 13. In January 2010, a terrible earthquake devastated Haiti. The United States sent food. 14. In 2013, the U.S. Agency for International Development’s “Water Supply, Sanitation & Hygiene” program in West Africa helped over 28,000 people get access to a better source for drinking water.