1. Communicative competence:
Def: To be communicative competent means, roughly speaking, to be able to communicate that which you wish to communicate.

2. To be communicative competent you need skills within the following areas:
Grammatical competence
the ability to use the rules of the language to understand and produce the language correctly
Discourse competence
the ability to understand and produce coherent texts (written and oral) within various genres
Pragmatic competence
the ability to understand and produce utterances that are suitable for the context in which they are uttered
Strategic competence
the ability to efficiently use the skills available to you to get your message across - strategies
Fluency
Interrelation between the elements of communicative competence

3. Competence – definition:
proficiencies within and knowledge of the competences described above
meta-communicative knowledge (knowing about): language and language usage and elements which affect various communication situations

4. Communication: written and oral communication proficiencies
sender and receiver
speaking, listening, writing, and reading
all communication is unique
authentic communication is demanding in terms of collaboration, and it’s unpredictable
we communicate and understand communi-cation based on the context in which it takes place / in which we find ourselves

5. Teaching from a communicative perspective
focus on both form and content and their interdependence
involve all the 4/5 competences – together NOT separately
listening, reading, writing and speaking (the 4 proficiencies)
authentic language usage

6. Grammatical competence = the linguistic code
Phonetics
Pronunciation and prosody
Morphology
Word function and inflection
Syntax
Structure of language
Lexis
Vocabulary and semantics

7. Grammatical competence = the linguistic code
Lexis
What does it mean to know a word?
Semantic networks
Using context to process input (current lang.acq. theory)
Interlanguage
Teaching grammar
Language acquisition view vs. teaching methods
Why grammar?
The rules of the game
Grammar in practice
Communicative need – relate form to content
Correction or reparation?
Errors are natural

8. Interlanguage definitions I
”…intersprog består af strukturer, som finpudses og udvikles cirkulært i retning af målsproget.” (Sprogfagenes didaktik, p. 48)
”Det specielle elevsprog, som man i dag antager, at en elev udvikler på vejen mod fremmedsprog – udviklende og dynamisk.” (Tornberg p. 64)

9. Interlanguage definitions II
“A learner’s developing second language knowledge. It may have characteristics of the learner’s first language, characteristics of the second language, and some characteristics that seem to be very general and tend to occur in all or most interlanguage systems. Interlanguages are systematic, but they are also dynamic. They change as learners receive more input and revise their hypotheses about the second language.”
(Spada and Lightbown p.201)

10. Interlanguage definitions III
“Thus interlanguage consists of both the rules about the target language that have become automatic and of the language which is still being developed.”
(Tornberg p.66 min oversættelse)
“Extensive empirical research suggests that grammar teaching has no direct effect on the pupil’s interlanguage.
Interlanguage rather seems to develop in sequences that follow certain rules independent of grammar teaching.” (Tornberg p.67 min oversættelse)

11. Discourse competence Oral Written
Gambits/samtalemarkører = tools to organize who says sth. in a conversation /whose turn it is to speak
Written
coherence: to do with the content and structure of the text (global)
cohesion: more formal, linguistic context (local)
content related
logical/ structure related
Why is discourse important to teach? And is it?

12. Pragmatic competence
Pragmatics: the social context in which the language is used
Speech acts
Culture
Pragma-linguistics
how speech acts are realised in the target language
Socio-pragmatics
factors in the social context which influences the linguistic realisation
Why?
What about culture and language? How are they linked?
World Englishes…

13. Strategic competence
AIM: to make available problem solving strategies on all levels of the communi-cative competence (communication strategies)
Why important? (in EFL teaching)
Strategic competence as problem solving strategies
evasive approach
creative utilization approach

14. Strategic competence continued I
Utilization strategies as learning strategies
Communication strategies (utilisation strategies)
based on native language
based on interlanguage
based on interaction

15. Strategic competence continued II
Which strategies are best?
most researchers agree that strategies based on the interlanguage will be more successful than those based on native language when the aim is communicative
conscious knowledge of strategies ―› help pupils utilize their potentials
Why teach communicative strategies – is it necessary?
Draw backs

16. Why teach from a communicative perspective?
Karen Lund argues:
AIM: to achieve as high a degree of correctness as possible within all levels of communicative competence (p.8)
“The core reason for using communicative syllabuses in teaching is that it drives the acquisition of a new language forward….” (p.20)

17. Why teach from a communicative perspective? continued
“…the central factor in acquisition of a new language lies in the student’s search for means that enable them to communicate and interact with the aid of language[…the student’s search for linguistic means of expression that enables them to encode and decode communication (p.20)…] It is this search that drives acquisition forward.” (p.19)
“…communicative teaching in itself is the means towards this end…” (p.20)
“So there are not only one but two good reasons for communicative teaching: one based on a view of language, the other on acquisition” (p.20)

18. Intercultural competence
Should it be a separate competence? Why / why not?
Where do you see it in this communicative competence perspective?

19. Intercultural competence
Grammatical competence: direct translations are not always possible (i.e. ‘small pizza’ vs. ‘personal pizza’); connotations (the owl: wisdom – stupidity)
Discourse competence: genre manifestations; gambits; pause between utterances
Pragmatic competence: speech acts in communication contexts; politeness;
Strategic competence: might vary which are most effective

20. Literature
Vivian Lindhardsen og Bjarne Christensen, Sprogfagenes didaktik, 2. reviderede udgave, Kroghs Forlag 2006
Karen Lund, Communicate competence – where do we stand? Sprogforum nr. 4, 1996
Ulrika Tornberg, Sprogdidaktik, L&R Uddannelse 2001
Patsy Lightbown and Nina Spada, How Languages are Learned, 3rd edition, OUP 2006