1. Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems and Blood
Chapter 10
Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems and Blood

2. Chapter 10
Objective 1: Identify the organs and structures of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood and the function of the immune system.

3. Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and a closed network of blood vessels composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins.

4. Function of the Cardiovascular System
The heart functions as two pumps operating simultaneously:
the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs
the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body.
What structures comprise the cardiovascular system?
How does the cardiovascular system work in conjunction with the respiratory system studied earlier in this text?

5. Function of the Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the blood and body tissue takes place in the capillaries.
The blood carrying carbon dioxide and waste is carried from the tissues through veins to organs of excretion.
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6. Interior of the Heart
Have students note the various structures of the heart and their names.
Which of the listed terms are combining forms?

7. Cardiovascular System
heart: muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a closed fist, located behind the breast bone and between the lungs; the pumping action circulates blood throughout the body
Why is the heart referred to as a muscular organ?
Where is another septum in the body? (nose)

8. Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
atrioventricular valves: consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction.
semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic valves, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively.
Why do all the layers of the heart contain the suffix -cardium?
What are the layers of the heart?

9. Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
pericardium: two-layer sac surrounding the heart; an external fibrous and an internal serous layer that secretes a fluid that facilitates movement of the heart
Three layers of the heart:
epicardium: covers the heart
myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer
endocardium: inner lining of the heart
What would pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis indicate?

10. Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
blood vessels: tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
arteries: carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs
arterioles: smallest arteries
aorta: largest artery in the body
What is the word root for arteries and arterioles?

11. Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
veins: carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart, except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
venules: smallest veins in the body
venae cavae: largest veins in the body
capillaries: connect arterioles with venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries
Do veins carry blood away from the heart or to the heart?
What is the origin of the term venae cavae?
Since veins don’t have a “pump” behind them (the heart), what structural difference (from arteries) allows the veins to maintain the one-way flow?
The lymph system also relies on valves to keep the flow of fluid going in one direction.

12. Function of Blood Maintains internal balance in the body.
Activities of the blood include transportation, such as transporting nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, protection provided by certain cells that protect the body against microorganisms, and regulation by controlling temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
What is the function of blood?

13. Composition of Blood
plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended
cells: formed elements
erythrocytes: red blood cells that carry oxygen
leukocytes: white blood cells that combat infection
thrombocytes (platelets): responsible for aiding in the clotting process
What is the name of a disease referring to excessive white blood cells?
Is coagulation a combining form?
What word parts make up the terms erythrocyte and leukocyte?

14. The Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system consists of lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus gland.

15. Function of the Lymphatic System
Returns excessive tissue fluid to the blood.
Absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from the small intestine and transports them to the blood and provides defense against infection.
Collected extracellular fluid called lymph travels away from body tissue toward the heart and is drained into the cardiovascular system through ducts in the upper chest. Breathing and muscle action help propel lymph through the vessels.
What does the word root lymph mean?

16. The Immune System: Functions
The immune system does not have its own organs and structures.
Functions: protects the body against pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), foreign agents that cause allergic reactions or toxins (insect bites), and abnormal body cells (e.g., cancer).
How do bacteria, fungi, and viruses differ?

17. Chapter 10
Objective 2: Define and spell word parts related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.

18. Combining Forms of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Blood
angi/o
aort/o
arteri/o
atri/o
cardi/o
lymphaden/o
lymph/o
myel/o
phleb/o, ven/o
plasm/o
splen/o
thym/o
valv/o, valvul/o
ventricul/o
What does the combining form angi/o mean?
myel/o also means spinal cord (see Chapter 15).
The combining form for spleen has only one “e.”

19. Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
ather/o
ech/o
electr/o
isch/o
therm/o
thromb/o
What does the combining form ather/o mean?
What is the combining form for a “deficiency” or “blockage”?
What is the combining form for “clot”?

20. Prefix brady- pan- What does the prefix brady- mean?
What does bradycardia mean?
What is the opposite of bradycardia? (tachycardia)

21. Suffixes -ac -apheresis -penia -poiesis -sclerosis
What does the suffix -apheresis mean?
What does erythrocytopenia mean?
What does the suffix -poiesis mean?
What is the suffix for “hardening”?

22. Review Question Which of the following means vein? arteri/o phleb/o
valv/o
Answer: b) phleb/o
What is the meaning of arteri/o and valv/o?
What other combining form means vein?

23. Chapter 10
Objective 3: Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.

24. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
angioma
angiostenosis
aortic stenosis
arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
bradycardia
cardiomegaly
cardiomyopathy
What do the suffixes -stenosis, -sclerosis, -megaly and -pathy mean?
Ask students to pronounce and define the listed terms.

25. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System (cont’d)
endocarditis
myocarditis
pericarditis
phlebitis
polyarteritis
tachycardia
thrombophlebitis
valvulitis
What is the term for “inflammation of the heart valves”?
What is the term for “an inflammation of the heart muscle”?

26. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood
erythrocytopenia
hematoma
leukocytopenia
multiple myeloma
pancytopenia
thrombocytopenia
thrombosis
thrombus
What does hematoma mean?
What is the medical term for “an abnormal reduction of all blood cells”?
An embolus can circulate in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a particular vessel. A thrombus is attached to a vessel’s interior wall; when it breaks away and enters the bloodstream, it becomes an embolus.

27. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts: Lymphatic System
lymphadenitis
lymphadenopathy
lymphoma
splenomegaly
thymoma
Ask students to pronounce and define the listed terms.
Lymphadenopathy is associated with infection or malignancy.

28. Chapter 10
Objective 6: Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to the cardiovascular and immune systems and blood.

29. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Cardiovascular System
atrioventricular (AV)
cardiac
cardiogenic
cardiologist
cardiology
hypothermia
intravenous (IV)
phlebologist
phlebology
What is a phlebologist? What would he or she treat?
What is hypothermia?
Would hypothermia ever be induced on purpose?

30. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts: Blood (cont’d)
hematologist
hematology
hematopoiesis
hemolysis
hemostasis
myelopoiesis
plasmapheresis
thrombolysis
What is the term for the “dissolution of a clot”?
What is the term for “stoppage of bleeding”?
What does hematopoiesis mean?

31. Review Question
A patient diagnosed with leukemia would seek treatment from a:
hematologist
cardiologist
phlebologist
Answer: a)

32. Chapter 10
Objective 8: Interpret, read, and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements, documents, and electronic health records.

33. Read Medical Terms in Use
A 55-year-old man presented to his doctor with pain in the calf and swelling in the left foot and ankle. Three days prior, the patient had completed trans-Pacific airline travel, spending several hours in a sitting position. He has a history of varicose veins. No previous history of hypertension or thrombophlebitis existed. Physical examination revealed an edematous left lower extremity and a tender calf. The pedal pulse was intact. A Doppler ultrasound was obtained, which revealed deep vein thrombosis. The patient was hospitalized and subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin was begun. Concurrently, Coumadin was started and will continue for 6 months. The oral anticoagulant therapy will be monitored monthly by prothrombin time.
Why is a history of varicose veins recorded?
What type of diagnostic procedure was used?
Did the patient have a history of high blood pressure?