1. Cardiovascular System
Structure, Function & Response to Acute & Long Term Exercise

2. Cardiovascular System
- Referred to as the Circulatory System
- Consist of Heart, Blood Vessels & Blood
Major transport system which carries food & oxygen to body tissues
Carbon Dioxide is carried from cells to the lungs

3. Basic Structure
Located on the left hand side of the chest beneath the sternum Weighs approx. 255 grams and is the size of a closed fist Basic function is a hollow muscular pump that drives blood into and through arteries in order to deliver to the workings muscles and tissues in the body

4. Basic Structure
- Heart is surrounded by a two layered sac known as the pericardium - The cavity between the layers is filled with pericardial fluid, the purpose is to prevent friction when the heart beats - The heart is made of three layers Epicardium – Outer Layer Myocardium – Strong Middle Layer Endocardium – Inner Layer The septum is the wall that separates the left from the right. This prevents blood from the right coming into contact with the left

5. Pathway of Blood
-The heart can be thought of as two pumps, the two chambers on the right and the left function separately -The chambers on the right supply blood at a low pressure to the lings via the pulmonary arteries, arterioles and capillaries where gaseous exchange takes place. - Carbon dioxide passes through the blood to alveoli of the lungs and oxygen is taken on board. This blood is then returned to the left side of the heart via the capillaries, venules and veins

6. Pathway of Blood
- When the chambers of the left side are full it contracts simultaneously with the right, acting as a high pressure pump - This supplies oxygenated blood via the arteries, arterioles and capillaries to the tissues and muscle cells - Oxygen passes from the blood to the cells and carbon dioxide (Waste Product) is taken on board - Blood returns to the right atrium of the heart via the capillaries, venules and veins04152

7. As the heart contracts blood flows around the body
Blood Vessels
As the heart contracts blood flows around the body
Around 96,000km of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins maintain circulation
The function of each of these is determined by their structure and pressure of blood within them
Blood flowing through the arteries appears bright red, due to oxygenation. As it moves through the network it drops of oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide, resulting in blood appearing in veins as much bluer

8. Thick muscle walls, and expand when blood is ejected into them
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart, and other than the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood
Thick muscle walls, and expand when blood is ejected into them

9. Arterioles
Thinner walls than arteries
Control blood distribution

10. Capillaries Form and extensive network
Smallest of the vessels and are very thin

11. Veins Facilitate return of deoxygenated blood to the heart
Branch into smaller vessels called venules

12. Branches off the vein and are also linked to the capillaries
Venuoles
Branches off the vein and are also linked to the capillaries

13. Definitions
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart Capillaries connect the veins and arteries

14. Superior Vena Cava
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Veins
Aortic Valve
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava

15. Atria
- Upper chambers of the heart - Receive blood returning to your heart from either body or lungs - Right Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava - The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the left and right pulmonary veins

16. Ventricles
- The pumping chambers of the heart - Thicker walls than Atria - Right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation for the lungs - Left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circulation for the body

17. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
- One of the four valves in the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle - It allows blood to flow in one direction only, from the left atrium to the right ventricle

18. Tricuspid Valve
- Situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle - Allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle

19. Aortic Valve
- Situated between the left ventricle and the aorta - Prevents backflow from the pulmonary aorta

20. Aorta
- The body's main artery - It originates in the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

21. Superior Vena Cava
- A vein that receives deoxygenated blood from the upper body to empty into the right atrium of the heart

22. Inferior Vena Cava
- A vein that receives deoxygenated blood from the lower body to empty into the right atrium of the heart

23. Pulmonary Vein
- Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

24. Pulmonary Artery
- Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart back to the lungs - it is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

25. Functions of The CV System
Delivery of Oxygen & Nutrients
Removal of Waste Products
Thermoregulation
Vasodilatation & Vasoconstriction
Function of Blood
Oxygen Transport, Clotting & Fighting Infection

26. Delivery of Oxygen & Nutrients
A key function is to supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body via the bloodstream

27. Removal of Waste Products
As well as providing oxygen and nutrients to all tissues in the body, the circulatory system carries waste products from the tissues to the kidneys and the liver returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

28. Thermoregulation
Increased energy expenditure during exercise requires adjustments in blood flow that affect the CV system The CV system is responsible for the distribution and redistribution of heat with your body to maintain thermal balance during exercises

29. Vasodilatation
During exercise the vascular portion of active muscles increase through dilation of arterioles. This is known as vasodilatation Vasodilatation causes an increase in the diameter of blood vessels to decrease resistance to the flow of blood to the area supplied by the vessels

30. Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries and small arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasodilatation, the widening of blood vessels. The process is particularly important in staunching haemorrhage and acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus, retaining body heat or increasing vascular resistance. As a result, this makes the skin turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, reducing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains mean arterial pressure

31. Function of Blood
Blood provides the fluid environment for cells and acts as transport
Each person has approx 4 – 5 litres of blood
Four principles components (Plasma/Red Blood Cells/White Blood Cells/Platelets)
Has a function of distribution, regulation and protection
Maintains body temperature
Life sustaining nutrients are transported from the intestines, and waste products transported to the kidneys
Hormones, medicines & antibodies including white blood cells are all transported by blood

32. As a result of exercise the demand for oxygen increases
Oxygen Transport
As a result of exercise the demand for oxygen increases
Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the parts of the body that require it

33. Clotting is enabled by white blood cells forming solid clots
A damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a clot to repair the damaged vessel

34. Fighting Infection
Blood contains antibodies and white blood cells which help defend against viruses and bacteria