1. BIOCHEMISTRY Chapter 3

2. Section 3-1 Objectives: Students should be able to…….
-Describe the structure of a water molecule.
-Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances.
-List two of water’s properties that result from hydrogen bonding.

4. Water and Organic Molecules
Organic: Substances that contain the element Carbon
All living things or things that were once alive are organic

5. WATER(H2O)
Water is an Inorganic molecule making up 70% of the average cell
Covalent bonds between two Hydrogen and one Oxygen atom
Disassociates into OH- and H3O+
Considered to be a polar compound because it shows electronegativity. It has a slight charge on both ends.

6. Effects of Water Polarity
Waters polarity allows it to have certain properties.
Cohesion- Allows water to be attracted to itself
Adhesion- Allows water to be attracted to other surfaces

7. Capillarity- ability to move through fine pores or upward through narrow tubes against gravity.
This can allow for……
Nutrients to get to all parts of plant
Keep plant from changing temperature easily

8. Aqueous Solutions SO what is an Aqueous solution?
Solution where water is the solvent
Water is often referred to as the “ Universal Solvent”

9. Section 3-2 Carbon Compounds
Carbon bonds to itself to form different molecular structures
Straight chains
Branched chains
Rings

10. Types of Carbon Bonds Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond
Two atoms share a single pair of electrons
Double Bond
Triple Bond

11. Functional Groups
Functional Groups- clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose.
The structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound.

12. Functional groups Alcohol
Has a hydroxide attached to one of the carbon atoms.
Alcohol is a polar molecule

13. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers
Smaller and simpler molecules
Also known as building blocks
Polymer
Consists of repeated, linked units.
Macromolecules
Large polymers

14. Condensation Reactions
Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction
Figure 3-8

15. Glucose and Fructose combine to form Sucrose
2 Sugar monomers link by a C-O-C bridge
Glucose releases OH-
Fructose releases H+
OH- and H+ combine to form water

16. Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Reaction
The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers.
The reversal of a condensation reaction
The addition of water can break some bonds that hold compounds together.

17. Molecules of Life
Four main classes of organic compounds are essential to the life processes of all living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

18. Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides
Organic compounds of C,H, and O
Ratio of 2 Hydrogen atoms : 1 Oxygen atom
The number of Carbon atoms varies
Monosaccharides
1 sugar ring
Disaccharides
2 sugar rings
Polysaccharides
3 or more sugar rings

19. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Formula A monomer of a carbohydrate
Simple sugar containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Single ring structure
Formula
C6H12O6
(CH2O)n
n= any whole number 3-8

20. Glucose
Manufactured by plants during photosynthesis

22. Fructose Galactose Found in fruits/sweetest type of sugar
Found in milk

23. Isomers
Molecules with the same chemical formula, but different structural formulas.
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are all C6H12O6 but the atoms are arranged differently.

24. Disaccharides Disaccharide A. Sucrose
Formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined through a condensation reaction.
A. Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Found in sugar cane and sugar beets

25. B. Lactose C. Maltose Glucose + Galactose Found in milk
Glucose + Glucose
It is found in beverages, beer, cereal, pasta, potatoes and in many processed products which have been sweetened.

27. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides A. Glycogen B. Starch C. Cellulose
A complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Cellulose

28. A. Glycogen
Stored energy source for animals Glucose Vid 4min

29. B. Starch Stored energy source for plants
The major sources of starch intake worldwide are the cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) and the root vegetables like potatoes
Granules of wheat starch, stained with iodine, photographed through a light microscope

30. C. Cellulose
Polysaccharide that gives plants cell strength and rigidity.

31. LIPIDS Lipids A. Fats B. Oils C. Waxes D. Steroids
Long carbon/hydrogen chains
Harder to break down and get energy back
Not water soluble like other organic compounds
A. Fats
B. Oils
C. Waxes
D. Steroids

32. LIPID STRUCTURE Lipid Structure
Fatty acids have a polar carboxyl head and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tails.

33. Fatty Acids The monomers that make up most lipids
Made of long straight chains of carbon-hydrogen, with a carboxyl group attached to one end and a hydrocarbon at the other.
hydrocarbon

34. Polarity and Lipid structure
Properties of lipids
Carboxyl end is polar and is attracted to water
Because it likes water it is called hydrophilic
The hydrocarbon chain is non polar and is hydrophobic

36. Kinds of Lipids Three kinds of lipids exist…. A. Triglycerides (Fats)
Consist of three fatty acids and a glycerol

37. 2 Types of Triglycerides
1. Oils
Liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids
Consist of double bonds
Not all of the H are available to bond with C
Found in seeds
Polyunsaturated
Many double bonds
Examples: olive, peanut, and corn oil

38. 2. Fats Solid at room temperature Saturated fatty acids Examples:
All carbons bonded with H and contain NO double bonds
Usually found in animals
Examples:
Beef fat, cheese, butter

39. Hydrogenation
The adding of hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fat to make it saturated

40. Olestra(Olean) -Man made Fat
No Lipase in body to break it down

41. WAXES
Waxes
Consists of long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
Longs C-H chains make the waxes waterproof
Used as a protective covering for plants (cuticle) and animals (earwax)
The most commonly known animal wax is beeswax
A lava lamp is a novelty item that contains wax melted from below by a bulb. The wax rises and falls in decorative, molten blobs.

42. Steroids Steroids Consist of 4 carbon rings
Not composed of fatty acids
Classified as a lipid because they don’t dissolve in water

43. Proteins Proteins Amino Acids Organic compounds of C,H,O and Nitrogen
Important within cells of all living things
Made of amino acids
Amino Acids
The monomers of proteins
20 different amino acids, all have the same basic structure

44. Amino Acid Structure
The (R) group changes from amino acid to amino acid

45. Dipeptide Polypeptides
Formed when 2 amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond
Polypeptides
Long chain of amino acids
Proteins are made of 2 or more polypeptides

46. Enzymes Enzymes Proteins that act as catalysts
Substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being affected by the reaction themselves
Side note: If the enzyme is not present, the reaction would still take place

47. Enzymes lower activation energy of the reaction.

48. Enzymes are substrate specific
Also called “Lock and Key Fit”

49. Enzymatic Process Enzymatic process
1. Enzymes hook on to the specific reactants that are going through the reaction (Substrate)
One enzyme hooks with specific substrate
Lock and key fit
2. The enzyme begins to weaken the bonds inside the substrate (lowering activation energy)
3. Reaction takes place

50. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Large organic molecules that direct…..
Heredity
Formation of proteins
Two types of Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA
Monomers of Nucleic Acids are called Nucleotides
There are three parts of a nucleotide

51. Nucleotide Structure
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base

53. REVIEW FOR EXAM