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BIOCHEMISTRY Chapter 3
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Section 3-1 Objectives: Students should be able to…….
-Describe the structure of a water molecule. -Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances. -List two of water’s properties that result from hydrogen bonding.
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Water and Organic Molecules
Organic: Substances that contain the element Carbon All living things or things that were once alive are organic
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WATER(H2O) Water is an Inorganic molecule making up 70% of the average cell Covalent bonds between two Hydrogen and one Oxygen atom Disassociates into OH- and H3O+ Considered to be a polar compound because it shows electronegativity. It has a slight charge on both ends.
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Effects of Water Polarity
Waters polarity allows it to have certain properties. Cohesion- Allows water to be attracted to itself Adhesion- Allows water to be attracted to other surfaces
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Capillarity- ability to move through fine pores or upward through narrow tubes against gravity.
This can allow for…… Nutrients to get to all parts of plant Keep plant from changing temperature easily
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Aqueous Solutions SO what is an Aqueous solution?
Solution where water is the solvent Water is often referred to as the “ Universal Solvent”
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Section 3-2 Carbon Compounds
Carbon bonds to itself to form different molecular structures Straight chains Branched chains Rings
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Types of Carbon Bonds Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond
Two atoms share a single pair of electrons Double Bond Triple Bond
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Functional Groups Functional Groups- clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose. The structural building block that determines the characteristics of the compound.
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Functional groups Alcohol
Has a hydroxide attached to one of the carbon atoms. Alcohol is a polar molecule
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Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers Smaller and simpler molecules Also known as building blocks Polymer Consists of repeated, linked units. Macromolecules Large polymers
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Condensation Reactions
Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction Figure 3-8
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Glucose and Fructose combine to form Sucrose
2 Sugar monomers link by a C-O-C bridge Glucose releases OH- Fructose releases H+ OH- and H+ combine to form water
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Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Reaction
The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers. The reversal of a condensation reaction The addition of water can break some bonds that hold compounds together.
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Molecules of Life Four main classes of organic compounds are essential to the life processes of all living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides
Organic compounds of C,H, and O Ratio of 2 Hydrogen atoms : 1 Oxygen atom The number of Carbon atoms varies Monosaccharides 1 sugar ring Disaccharides 2 sugar rings Polysaccharides 3 or more sugar rings
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Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Formula A monomer of a carbohydrate
Simple sugar containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Single ring structure Formula C6H12O6 (CH2O)n n= any whole number 3-8
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Glucose Manufactured by plants during photosynthesis
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Fructose Galactose Found in fruits/sweetest type of sugar
Found in milk
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Isomers Molecules with the same chemical formula, but different structural formulas. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are all C6H12O6 but the atoms are arranged differently.
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Disaccharides Disaccharide A. Sucrose
Formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined through a condensation reaction. A. Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Found in sugar cane and sugar beets
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B. Lactose C. Maltose Glucose + Galactose Found in milk
Glucose + Glucose It is found in beverages, beer, cereal, pasta, potatoes and in many processed products which have been sweetened.
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Polysaccharides Polysaccharides A. Glycogen B. Starch C. Cellulose
A complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides A. Glycogen B. Starch C. Cellulose
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A. Glycogen Stored energy source for animals Glucose Vid 4min
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B. Starch Stored energy source for plants
The major sources of starch intake worldwide are the cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) and the root vegetables like potatoes Granules of wheat starch, stained with iodine, photographed through a light microscope
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C. Cellulose Polysaccharide that gives plants cell strength and rigidity.
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LIPIDS Lipids A. Fats B. Oils C. Waxes D. Steroids
Long carbon/hydrogen chains Harder to break down and get energy back Not water soluble like other organic compounds A. Fats B. Oils C. Waxes D. Steroids
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LIPID STRUCTURE Lipid Structure
Fatty acids have a polar carboxyl head and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tails.
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Fatty Acids The monomers that make up most lipids
Made of long straight chains of carbon-hydrogen, with a carboxyl group attached to one end and a hydrocarbon at the other. hydrocarbon
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Polarity and Lipid structure
Properties of lipids Carboxyl end is polar and is attracted to water Because it likes water it is called hydrophilic The hydrocarbon chain is non polar and is hydrophobic
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Kinds of Lipids Three kinds of lipids exist…. A. Triglycerides (Fats)
Consist of three fatty acids and a glycerol
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2 Types of Triglycerides
1. Oils Liquid at room temperature Unsaturated fatty acids Consist of double bonds Not all of the H are available to bond with C Found in seeds Polyunsaturated Many double bonds Examples: olive, peanut, and corn oil
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2. Fats Solid at room temperature Saturated fatty acids Examples:
All carbons bonded with H and contain NO double bonds Usually found in animals Examples: Beef fat, cheese, butter
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Hydrogenation The adding of hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated fat to make it saturated
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Olestra(Olean) -Man made Fat
No Lipase in body to break it down
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WAXES Waxes Consists of long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain Longs C-H chains make the waxes waterproof Used as a protective covering for plants (cuticle) and animals (earwax) The most commonly known animal wax is beeswax A lava lamp is a novelty item that contains wax melted from below by a bulb. The wax rises and falls in decorative, molten blobs.
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Steroids Steroids Consist of 4 carbon rings
Not composed of fatty acids Classified as a lipid because they don’t dissolve in water
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Proteins Proteins Amino Acids Organic compounds of C,H,O and Nitrogen
Important within cells of all living things Made of amino acids Amino Acids The monomers of proteins 20 different amino acids, all have the same basic structure
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Amino Acid Structure The (R) group changes from amino acid to amino acid
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Dipeptide Polypeptides
Formed when 2 amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond Polypeptides Long chain of amino acids Proteins are made of 2 or more polypeptides
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Enzymes Enzymes Proteins that act as catalysts
Substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being affected by the reaction themselves Side note: If the enzyme is not present, the reaction would still take place
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Enzymes lower activation energy of the reaction.
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Enzymes are substrate specific
Also called “Lock and Key Fit”
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Enzymatic Process Enzymatic process
1. Enzymes hook on to the specific reactants that are going through the reaction (Substrate) One enzyme hooks with specific substrate Lock and key fit 2. The enzyme begins to weaken the bonds inside the substrate (lowering activation energy) 3. Reaction takes place
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Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Large organic molecules that direct…..
Heredity Formation of proteins Two types of Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Monomers of Nucleic Acids are called Nucleotides There are three parts of a nucleotide
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Nucleotide Structure Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base
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