1. Integumentary System

2. Classifications of Body Membranes
2 Main Categories of Body Membranes:
Epithelial membranes – epithelial tissue & underlying fibrous connective tissue
Connective tissue membranes – exclusively various types of connective tissues (no epithelial cells)

3. 3 Types of Epithelial Membranes
Cutaneous Membrane – “the skin”
Primary organ of Int. System
Serous Membrane – on surfaces within closed cavities
Parietal Layer – lines the walls of a body cavity, like wallpaper
Visceral Layer – inward layer covering the surface of organs
Mucous Membrane
Line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior
Lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Mucus – thick, slimy material; fxn: keep membranes moist/soft

4. Connective Tissue Membranes
Do NOT contain epithelial components
Synovial Membranes – line the joint capsules
Synovial Fluid – thick, colorless fluid; fxn: lubricate jnts.
Bursae – small sacs between moving body parts

5. SKIN - Functions Protection Sensory perception
Regulation of body temperature
Storage
Absorption
Excretion
Production

6. Components of the Skin

7. Layers of the Skin 1. Epidermis—outermost layer 2. Dermis—“true skin”
Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis— the innermost layer

8. The Layers of Skin

9. Glands & Other Parts of the Skin
Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
Hair
Nails

10. Hair Functions Varies by location
Scalp: insulates head; 1 mm/day
Nostril: filters
Eyebrow/lash: protects; keeps dust and perspiration out of eyes
Body: none
Arrector pili: pilomotor muscle; stimulated by cold and emotions. Attached to base of dermal papilla and side of follicle. Contraction = goose bumps.
Alopecia = hair loss

11. NAILS Protects the distal ends of phalanges
Provides ability to grip, pick up tiny objects
HCW observe for cyanosis to assess blood O2 if pulse ox not available

12. Skin Color—Pigmentation
Skin color is inherited and is determined by pigments in the epidermis
a. Melanin
b. Carotene

13. Skin Color—Albino Absence of skin pigments Skin has pinkish tint
Hair is pale yellow or white
Eyes are red in color and sensitive to light

14. Skin Color—Abnormal
Erythema
Jaundice
Cyanosis

15. Skin Lesions Any measurable variation in tissue structure
Not always a sign of disease
Can be flat, depressed or elevated

16. Depressed Lesions Excoriation: scratch exposing the dermis
Laceration: tearing of the skin
Atrophy: loss of tissue
Pressure Ulcer: Decubutis ulcer bedsore
Fissure: deep crack

17. Skin Eruptions Macules (macular rash) – freckles
Papules (papular rash) - warts
Vesicles – fluid filled, blisters
Pustules – pus filled, acne
Crusts - scabs
Wheals – hives, insect bite
Plaques – friction cause or psoriasis

18. Chicken Pox
Blisters, scab over
Infectious agent???

19. Skin infections
Impetigo: staph, strept. Erythema then vesicles and crusts. Contagious. Tx: antibiotics
Tinea: Mycoses (fungal). Erythema, scaling and crusting. Ex: Ringworm (tinea capitis), athletes foot (tinea pedis). Tx: antifungal
Warts: verruca, caused by papilloma virus. Contagious. Tx: removal
Boils: furnacle. Staph inf of hair follicle. Lg pustule. Tx: topical antibiotic
Scabies: itch mite. Contagious. Tx: scabicide and antihistamine

20. Impetigo

21. Ringworm

22. Inflammatory Conditions
Scleroderma: autoimmune. Affects blood vessels & connective tissue that causes hardening. Localized or Systemic
Psoriasis: chronic inflammation. Scaly patches. Tx: topical steroids
Eczema: most common. Papules, vesicles and crusts. Symptom of underlying condition. Tx: cause & topical steroids
Hives: urticaria (transient wheals) due to allergy or irritant. Pruritits (itching). Tx: varies, treat the cause

23. BURNS
Caused by fire, ultraviolet rays, electricity, chemicals. Cause will influence tx
Severity is determined by 3 factors:
Total Body Surface affected. (total body surface area involved-%) + depth (layers involved)
Extent of injury: Rule of 9’s to determine; 11 body areas 9% each
Depth of injury & tissues involved: 1st, 2nd, 3rd degree
Type of homeostatic mechanisms affected
Ex: BP control, fluid and electrolyte balance
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24. Rule of 9’s Estimation of body surface area involved
Anterior head: 4.5% / Posterior head:4.5%
Anterior arm: 4.5% / Posterior arm 4.5%
Anterior leg: 9% / Posterior leg 9%
Anterior trunk: 18% / Posterior trunk 18%
Modified in infants due to larger head size

25. 1st DEGREE BURN Surface layers of epidermis
Some reddening and discomfort
No blistering
Sunburn
Partial thickness

26. 2nd Degree Deep epidermal and upper dermis Severe pain and blistering
May damage hair, sweat and oil glands
Swelling (edema) and fluid loss occurs
Scarring results
Partial thickness

27. 2nd Degree

28. 3rd Degree
Complete destruction of epidermis and dermis; may extend to SQ layer: full thickness burn (4TH degree if underlying bone/muscle tissue destroyed)
Little pain d/t destruction of nerve endings
Severe fluid loss
If it covers a large extent, the pt is critically ill; ultimately may die due to sepsis

29. 3rd Degree

30. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Peritonitis
Dermatitis what is this??
Eczema
Impetigo
Psoriasis
Ringworm
Verrucae/warts/plantar warts

31. Diseases and Abnormal Conditions
Acne vulgaris
Athlete’s foot
Burns
Skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma