1. Cellular Energy

2. Learning targets: understand that ATP is the source of cellular energy
Understand how ATP is formed and how it provides energy

3. ATP is the fuel for cells Adenosine triphosphate
4.1
ATP is the fuel for cells
Adenosine triphosphate
3 phosphates
Bond with 3rd phosphate is a high energy bond
ADP: adenosine diphosphate
2 phosphates
Low energy

4. ATP is made from glucose by respiration
Glucose is made by photosynthesis
In absence of sunlight, organisms can make food by chemosynthesis

5. ATP

8. 4.2: Photosynthesis
Learning targets:
Understand how plants turn CO2 into food by photosynthesis

9. Chlorophyll: the pigment that absorbs light energy
Photosynthesis
6CO H2O  C6H12O O2
Photosynthesis: the process that captures energy from sunlight to make food (glucose)
Chlorophyll: the pigment that absorbs light energy
Chloroplast: the structure in plants that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis occurs

10. Thylakoid: membrane bound coinlike structures that contain chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Thylakoid: membrane bound coinlike structures that contain chlorophyll
Grana: stacks of thylakoids
Stroma: fluid in the chloroplast outside the thylakoids

13. Light dependent reactions
Photosystem II
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy
Water is split into H+, electron, and oxygen
Photosystem I
NADP+ + electrons  NADPH
Note the purple and red compounds. They appear in the next step

14. Photosystem II comes first because photosystem I was discovered first.

15. Light Independent reactions: Calvin Cycle
3CO2 added to 3-5C molecule  3-6 C
Requires enzyme RUBISCO
3-6C  6-3C
ATP  ADP
NADPH  NADP+
6-3C  5-3C C
5-3C  3-5C
ATP  ADP

17. Photosynthesis

18. Stomata shut during the day Fix carbon at night Examples:
CAM photosynthesis
Arid conditions
Stomata shut during the day
Fix carbon at night
Examples:
Pineapples
Cacti

19. Drought, high temperature, low nitrogen Examples:
C4 Photosynthesis
4C intermediate
Drought, high temperature, low nitrogen
Examples:
Corn
Sugar cane
Oxaloacetic acid (3C) + CO2  Malate = 4C

20. Cellular Respiration
Learning Target: Understand how glucose is broken down to produce energy (ATP)

21. Requires oxygen (aerobic)
Cellular respiration
C6H12O O2  6CO H2O
Produces ATP
Requires oxygen (aerobic)

22. 6C glucose  2-3C pyruvates
Glycolysis
6C glucose  2-3C pyruvates
Occurs in cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
Requires 2 ATP
Produces 4 ATP
Net gain = 2 ATP

23. Glycolysis

24. Aerobic: requires oxygen
Krebs cycle
Aerobic: requires oxygen
Pyruvate (3C) + CoEnzyme A  1CO2 + acetyl CoA (2C)
2C + 4C  6C
6C – 1CO2  5C (NAD+  NADH)
5C – 1CO2  4C (NAD+  NADH)
4C  4C (NAD+  NADH, FAD2+ FADH2)
Produces 1 ATP per pyruvate (2 per glucose)

26. Electron Transport System
Aerobic: requires oxygen
Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2
H+ ions transported across membrane
H+ ions flow back, produce ATP (34)
Oxygen acts as final electron receptor.
Oxygen + electrons + H+  water

28. Cellular respiration

29. Comparison

30. Comparison

31. Learning Targets: Explain how ATP can be made in the absence of oxygen
Fermentation
Learning Targets:
Explain how ATP can be made in the absence of oxygen
Give examples of practical economic uses of anaerobic respiration

32. Pyruvate  lactic acid + 2ATP Pyruvate  alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP
Fermentation
No oxygen: anaerobic
Pyruvate  lactic acid + 2ATP
Animals
Pyruvate  alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP
yeasts

33. Medical indicator of muscle damage Causes soreness
Lactic acid
Medical indicator of muscle damage
Causes soreness
Lactobacillus produces yogurt

35. Alcoholic fementation
Brewing industry
Beer, wine, champagne
Baking industry
Yeast rolls