2. * All living things need energy to carry out their life activities. * Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken down for energy. * When food is broken down part is released as heat the rest is stored as chemical energy.

3. ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate PPP 1 adenine 1 ribose adenosine 3 phosphate groups Triphosphate *Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

4. Energy is released by breaking the last phosphate bond “high energy bond” and this transfer to another compd is called: Phosphorylation PPP PP P + ATPADP + Pi (Adenosine Diphosphate) *has less energy than ATP

5. ATP Energy from food Energy for cell use ADP + Pi ATP CYCLE

6. Glucose is the most common food substance from which we obtain energy. *Glucose itself contains too much energy for the cell to use all at once so it is broken down and stored in ATP. 1 Glucose = 38 ATP 1 Triglyceride = 146 ATP 1 Protein = 38 ATP

7. Hydrogen Receptors (coenzymes) -NAD : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide -FAD : Flavin adenine dinucleotide *Each of these 2 molecules can accept hydrogen atoms. FAD + 2H FADH 2 NAD + 2H NADH As the hydrogens are transferred the coenzymes gain energy (temporarily) Hydrogen is passed along in this way until the last step in the pathway when another substance is used as a final acceptor. *The energy is used to make ATP from ADP + Pi *either oxygen or another substance

8. light energy chemical energy 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O LIGHT DEPENDENT VS LIGHT INDEPENDENT -only in light (day)- light or dark (day/night) -takes place in thylakoid- dependent on chemical membrane of chloroplasts products of light rxns - take place in stroma of chloroplasts light

9. Grana Thylakoid Stroma Light dependent rxns : membrane of thylakoid Light independent rxns : stroma

10. * Take place in thylakoid membrane Light absorption = 1st step 2 Light Absorbing Forms * Photosystem II * Photosystem I Purpose : Convert ADP ATP Convert NADPNADPH Energy from electrons (e-) (contain chlorophyll)

11. e- electron acceptor ADP + P ATP E.T.C (thylakoid membrane) e- e- acceptor 2 NADPH 2 NADP Photosystem I Photosystem II (chlorophyll) 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 (chlorophyll) 2 H+

12. 1.Sunlight absorbed by photosystem II 2.H 2 0 is split into ½ O 2 and 2H 3.Hydrogens pumped across the thylakoid membrane and e-’s passed along ETC. 4.Sunlight absorbed by photosystem I, e- energy used to produce NADPH 5. Using the hydrogen gradient ATP Synthase makes ATP 2H 2 O + Light ATP + NADPH + O 2 Light Dependent Rxn : Thylakoid membrane

13. Carbon fixation - incorporation of CO 2 into an organic compd during photosynthesis. Calvin Cycle = light independent rxn = dark rxn (RuBP - 5 carbon sugar starting & ending compound Calvin Cycle/Light independent rxn : stroma 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose

14. CO 2 1. Carbon Fixation CO 2 + RuBP 6 carbon sugar 2. The 6-carbon compd splits into 2 PGA (3 carbon compds) 2 PGA 2 ATP 2ADP + 2P 2 NADPH 2 NADP PGAL 3. ATP & NADPH produced in light rxn provide energy to convert PGA to PGAL PGAL PGAL/G3P 4. SIX cycles produces 2 PGAL which combine to form 1 glucose molecule Glucose (2PGAL/G3P) RuBP ATP ADP + P 5. ATP and PGAL rebuild RuBP so that the cycle can begin again

16. 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O light

17. CO 2 + RuBP 2 PGA (3 carbon compd) 2 PGAL/ 2 G3P RuBP ATP & NADPH provide energy Used to make more 6 CO 2 12 PGAL (G3P) -10 PGAL Used to make more RuBP 2 PGAL/2G3P 1 Glucose FORM http://www1.teachertube.com/view Video.php?video_id=62625&title= Photosynthesis

18. Aerobic : presence of oxygen Anaerobic : absence of oxygen *Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration start with the same rxn: Glycolysis Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells

19. C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C PGAL Glucose C-C-C NAD NADH 2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP NAD NADH 2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP Pyruvate Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde) is oxidized by losing 2 hydrogen atoms and changes to another 3-carbon compound called Pyruvate. *4 ATP - 2 ATP (used) = 2 ATP (Net) 2 ATP used 4 ATP made http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/cont ent/cellularrespiration.html Net Production *2 NADH *2 ATP http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/stud ent_view0/chapter25/animation __how_glycolysis_works.html

20. *Anaerobic respiration is very inefficient. It takes 20 Glucose molecules to make as much ATP as an aerobic organism can make with 1 Glucose molecule. Fermentation : conversion of Pyruvate to some other product with no further release of energy. - yeast converts to CO 2 and Ethyl Alcohol - some bacteria create substances into cheese - your cells make lactic acid

21. Glucose Glycolysis (2 ATP) Pyruvate Fermentation Lactic Acid Ethyl Alcohol + CO 2 Without O 2 yeast Anaerobic bacteria, Mammal muscles

23. *Aerobic Respiration begins with Glycolysis. The remaining steps take place in the mitochondria. C-C-C Pyruvate C-C Acetyl - CoA (2 carbons) CoA CO 2 Kreb Cycle NAD NADH Net Production *2 NADH *2 CO 2 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

24. * 2 CYCLES Acetyl-CoA 6 Carbons 5 Carbons 4 Carbons 2 Carbons CO 2 NAD NADH NAD NADH FADH 2 NADH NAD FAD ADP + PATP NET Production after 2 Cycles: 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 4 CO 2 (citric acid)

25. Net Production: 1. Glycolysis = 2 ATP = 2 NADH 2. CoA = 2 NADH = 2 CO 2 3. Kreb Cycle = 6 NADH = 2 FADH 2 = 2 ATP = 4 CO 2 Total = 10 NADH 2 FADH 2 6 CO 2 4 ATP Electron Transport Chain http://www.sumanhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/ webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespirati on.htmlasinc.com/webcontent/animations/conte nt/cellularrespiration.html

26. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - a highly organized system of enzymes, coenzymes and proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH 2 contain stored energy that will be used to create additional ATP. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/revi ew4.html

27. 10 NADH 2 FADH 2 12 H+ 12 H+ or e- are used to produce ATP The e-’s from the hydrogen receptors are passed down the proteins in the ETC and a H+ gradient is formed. ATP Synthase converts the energy from the Hydrogens to 34 ATP (per glucose). The final hydrogen acceptor for the H+ ions is Oxygen. 12 H 2 + + 6 O 2 12 H 2 O 34 ATP http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_p lace/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html

28. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O + 38 ATP Per Glucose : ETC = 34 ATP Glycolysis = 2 ATP Kreb Cycle = 2 ATP 38 ATP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg