1. Chapter #6 and 7
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

2. The Need For Energy Heterotrophs get energy from food
Heterotrophs require energy for all of life’s processes
-digest food
-grow
-maintenance
-repair
-synthesis

3. ENERGY All energy ultimately comes from the sun Autotrophs -producers
Heterotrophs
-consumers

4. ENERGY (2) Photosynthesis -stores the energy Respiration
-releases the energy
Both photosynthesis and respiration have an ATP-ADP Cycle
-provides the energy to the cells

5. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Components: -adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates
Phosphorylation:
-process of freeing a phosate from ATP (enzyme ATPase) making ADP
-ATP synthetase then reattaches the phosphate group making ATP

6. ATP-ADP Cycle

7. Respiration Process that releases chemical energy from food
Occurs in ALL cells
Reactants
glucose, oxygen
Products
carbon dioxide, energy, water

8. Photosynthesis
Process that converts radiant solar energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules
Occurs in cells of autotrophs
Reactants
carbon dioxide, water, light
Products
carbohydrates, oxygen

9. Basis of Photosynthesis
Absorption of Sunlight
Light Dependent Reactions
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin-Benson Cycle)
(all occurs within the chloroplast)

10. Chloroplast Chlorophyll -light absorbing pigments 3 membrane system
-granum (stacks of thylakoid)
-stroma (fluid)
-increases the surface area for light
absorption

12. Light Dependent Reactions
Occurs in the Thylakoids (grana)
First Stage
-convert light to electrical energy using
electron transport chain (photosystem I)
-uses water, releases oxygen
Second Stage
-convert electrical energy to chemical energy
(ATP) (phtotsystem II)

13. Light Independent Reactions (Calvin-Benson Cycle)
CO2 and ATP enter the stroma
Binds to RuBP(5 carbon molecule)
RuBP splits into PGAL (3 carbon sugar made with the addition of Hydrogen from NADPH and ATP)
PGAL generates 1 glucose and regenerates RuBP to start the cycle over again
Completes 6 turns to get glucose (6 carbon sugar)

16. Alternative Pathways C4 (corn, sugarcane, crabgrass)
-more efficient at fixing carbon to form sugars
CAM (desert plants)
-close stomata during the day to prevent water loss
-trap carbon dioxide for the Calvin-Benson Cycle at night

17. Cellular Respiration Aerobic -in the presence of oxygen Anaerobic
-occurs when oxygen is not present
-causes fermentation (alcoholic and
lactic acid)

20. Three Parts of Cellular Respiration…
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

21. Three Parts of Cellular Respiration…
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

22. GLYCOLYSIS Occurs in the cytoplasm Turns glucose into pyruvic acid
Net 2 ATP
-4 are made and two are used
2 NADH
-electron carrier to be used during the
last step of respiration

23. KREB’S CYCLE Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl-CoA -Produces 2 NADH
Enters the mitochondria
Produces
-2 ATP
-2 FADH2
-6 NADH

24. Products so far…
4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH2

25. Electron Transport Chain
2 FADH2 and 10 NADH enter the ETC
1 FADH2 yields 2 ATP
1 NADH yields 3 ATP
Total
-4 ATP from FADH2
-30 ATP from NADH

26. How many ATP from respiration?
38 ATP TOTAL

27. Fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm Lactic Acid -muscle cells
Alcoholic
-Yeasts
-Bacteria

28. Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration w/o oxygen
Glycolysis
Glucose broken down to pyruvic acid (2ATP)
Oxygen is needed for pyruvic acid to enter the mitochondria so the process stops
Pyruvic Acid breaks down to Lactic Acid (animals)
Pyruvic Acid breaks down to Alcohol (yeast)

29. CHROMATOGRAPHY