1. TODAY: Thursday 4/20……
I want to prepare you for your DBQ tomorrow SO, FIRST we will review SYNTHESIS right now.
THEN, we will go over CHINA (this is the focus of your DBQ), so if you have prepared C 31 CHINA chart, we are on today…..
IF there are still artifacts that need presenting, that will follow all of the above…..
IF there are WWs test to go over, it will follow all of the above….
IF we run out of time for #3 and #4, then we will finish THOSE on Monday…

2. China and Japan: 19th century Pressures
Why “The Crossroads”?

3. Imperialism The Historical Context for
China’s issues at these “Crossroads”
has EVERYTHING to do with:
Imperialism
the increasing strength of EUROPE and JAPAN

5. CHINA: Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1838-1842
Since 1759: European trade
Limited to port of Guangzhou
Foreign merchants forced to deal with
Chinese firms called cohongs: ONLY
trade in silver buillon
WAR!
40,000 chests of opium a year shipped
to China by 1838
Commissioner Lin Zexu rejected by
Queen Victoria (PAGE 719)
Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium
Forced to grant
extraterritoriality status
UNEQUAL TREATIES/
Spheres of Influence

6. REACTION? Unequal Treaties
According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to:
Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese
Open several ports to British trade
Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong (returned July 1, 1997)
Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China
Self-Strengthening Movement
“Chinese learning at the base,
Western learning for use” (technology)
(not as radical: but contradictory and undermined
Confucian tradition
REACTION?
Taiping Rebellion
Opposed the Manchus: wanted radical
Social change, no footbinding, no private
property, free public ed, no concubinage
(men and women equal)
20-30 million lives lost
Massive decline in economy/ food
No sex?
Harems for
leaders
1885 Britain took Burma
1886 France took Vietnam
1895 Japan took Korean independence
1898 Spheres of Influence
1898 Hundred Days Reform? Proto-industrialization
Cixi nullifies

7. Anti-foreign
Anti- Chinese Christian
Anti- Chinese who helped the foreigners
China:
The Boxer Rebellion
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi

8. Puyi (2 yrs old)
Last emperor of China
University of Pennsylvania
49 lb flawless crystal sphere-
second largest in the world

9. Political Social Societies at the Crossroads: China 1750-1914
popular uprisings s
Taiping Rebellion
defeated by Qing and foreign troops (1864)
government slaughtered 100,000 Taipings
Hundred Days reforms 1898
________________________________
1896 Spheres of Influence
Boxer Rebellion (Empress Dowager Cixi supported militia against foreigners)
1900- Chinese leaders no longer in control of economy
1912- collapse of the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty (Manchus)
British introduced opium to end cohong system
Opium War ( )- Chinese easily defeated
unequal treaties
Treaty of Nanjing 1842
lost tribute states of Vietnam, Burma, Korea, Taiwan
Social
Political

10. Societies at the Crossroads: China 1750-1914
Extremely geographically diverse
Led to policy of isolationism
Always has problem of securing enough
arable land for growing populations
(terraces)
___________________________
Confucianism still strong under Manchu rule
unequal treaties allowed Christian missionaries
Qing widely known as patrons of the arts
(Qianglong especially)
Societies at the Crossroads: China
Interaction with
The Environment
CULTURE
BEFORE: tight control of foreign trade/ foreign contact/ cohong system
agrarian/ little demand for foreign goods
AFTER: unequal treaties
ultimately severe economic decline (eating grass, human flesh)
"Self Strengthening" Movement ( ) failed
ECONOMIC

11. Communism = Global National Identity Crisis: China
Intermittent
Civil War
Global National Identity Crisis: China
PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in
response to increasing Western influence and threat=
Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi)
War lords remain powerful
Road to a SOLUTION:
Dr Sun Yat Sen ( ) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912
Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords
“The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.”
World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self-determination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead supported further Japanese aggression ...
May Fourth Movement
(Chinese students/ intellectuals rebel against
Foreign Japanese aggression )
Communism =
Chinese Communist Party 1921
Mao Zedong
Nationalists =
Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek( )
Three Principles of the People:
Elimination of special privileges for foreigners
National reunification
Economic development
Democratic republican government based
on universal suffrage

12. Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949
(Jiang Jieshi):
Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy)
= no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, democratic government, universal suffrage)
Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese masses (Sun Yatsen dies……. Enter: Chiang Kai-Shek)
shunned partnership with the Communists (especially as the Chinese Communist party becomes more unified)
avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not connected to global economy
Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat, could not ward off Japanese aggression
China
World War II?
Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949
Political radicalism opposition to arranged marriages
women’s equality and right to divorce campaigned against footbinding
Leader of the Long March (6215 miles) women’s equality/ socialism
ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)= RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION/ COLLECTIVIZATION of agriculture
Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution

13. In the communist states of (Soviet Union) and China, governments controlled their national economies…
Brave the wind and the waves, everything has remarkable abilities, 1958

14. In the communist states of (Soviet Union) and China, governments controlled their national economies…
The Great Leap Forward:

15. Promoted industrial output over agricultural production
The commune is like a gigantic dragon, production is visibly awe-inspiring, 1959
Great Leap Forward
Promoted industrial output over agricultural production
Result: an agrarian catastrophe that led to death by starvation of nearly 20 million people
BLAME? Capitalist West…….

16. Eliminating the last sparrow, 1959
Everybody comes to beat the sparrows….

17. Cultural Revolution
Goal was to purge all vestiges of western influence
Widespread government persecutions and
Re-education centers
Mao’s Red Guards: mostly teenagers given unlimited
powers/ only answer to Mao himself
Intentional mutilation of Red Book = death
Many high ranking Communist Party officials were killed
China reports 1 million killed BUT others say closer to 30 million

19. Mao Zedong ( )