1. PLANTS Structural Adaptations Vascular system – roots and shoots
Mycorrhizae – fungal associations
Stomata and cuticle
Lignin – hardens cell walls – preventing water loss
Vascular tissues – xylem and phloem

2. Xylem and Phloem

3. Stomata

4. Reproductive Adaptations
Must keep gametes from drying out.
Gametangia – jacket surrounding moist gametes
Sperm encased in pollen and egg in ovule

5. Origin from Algae Charophytes – closest to plants in molecular studies
Natural selection favored those who could survive when not submerged in water

6. Origin of Plants

7. Plant Evolution 4 major periods in plant evolution
Bryophytes – mosses – gametangia – little or no vascular tissue
Ferns – seedless, vascular plants
Gymnosperms – the first seed plants
Angiosperms – emergence of the flowering plants – complex reproductive organs

8. Bryophytes Mosses Cuticle and gametangium
Sperm are flagellated – must swim to reach eggs
No lignin, no vascular system
2 generations – gametophyte (n) and sporophyte (2n)
Alternation of Generations

9. Bryophytes

10. Moss Life Cycle

11. Ferns Have vascular tissue
Sperm must swim through water to reach eggs – no seeds
Inhabit tropical areas

12. Ferns

13. Fern Life Cycle

14. Gymnosperms
At the end of the Carboniferous period – climate became cold and dry.
Provided opportunity for seed plants
Conifers – pine, spruce, firs, redwoods
Nearly all conifers are evergreen
Thick cuticle – stomata in pits

15. Life Cycle of Conifer
Sporophyte generation and gametophyte generation.
Use pollen grains to transport sperm
Seeds can remain dormant for years
Fire, rain, and animals can crack seeds and cause germination.

16. Life cycle of a conifer

17. Angiosperm Life Cycle

18. Monocots and Dicots
2 types of flowering plants – undergo double fertilization
Microscope Photos

19. Monocots and Dicots

20. Monocot and Dicot Stems

21. Monocot Root

22. Monocot and Dicot Root

23. Monocots vs. Dicots Monocots One cotyledon (seed leaves)
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Parallel leaf veins
Ex. Corn,lily
Dicots
2 cotyledons
Flower parts in multiples of five
Netlike leaf veins
Primrose, maple