1. Brief Response
Why was it called the “Scramble for Africa”? Support with text information.
Each imperialist was jealously racing with each other to grab as much African territory as possible before the other imperialists.

2. Muslim Africa and the Middle East;
p. 298

3. Why the Muslim World?
For almost 1300 years Muslims of various nationalities and kingdoms ran profitable empires.
Muslim kingdoms and religious factions fought one another from time to time.
European imperialists knew Muslims were vulnerable and began moving in to take over.

4. Important Term: “Colonial”
A person living in a nation or region taken over and now owned by an imperialist power.
indigenous (original people) to the land or region
Filipino, Asante, Chinese, Zulu, etc.
Also any White emigrant from the imperialist country.
Australian, South African, Canadian, American, etc.

5. EC: Western Advantages, p. 288, (7)
Strong economies
Well-organized governments
Powerful armies and navies
Maxim gun
Repeating, accurate rifles
Steamships
Riverboats
Telegraph
Improved medical knowledge
Quinine to survive tropical disease

6. Egypt
The Ottoman Empire was losing control of its territory in North Africa.
Muhammad Ali:
Ottoman Pasha of Egypt who became so powerful that he acted independently from 1805 on.
He modernized Egypt

7. Mohammad Ali’s accomplishments in Egypt (7)
Modernized Egypt
Improved tax collection
Reorganized the land-holding system
Expanded irrigation networks
Developed local industries
Increased participation in world trade
Expanded cotton production
Intended for cotton sales to pay for big reform projects
Westernized his military
Conquered Arabia, Syria, and the Sudan

8. Suez Did the canal benefit the Egyptians at all? Explain Yes, (3)
many had jobs digging the canal
Ships passing made support jobs
Egyptian elites profited
No, (2)
many died digging the canal
Britain and France made most of the money paid to use the canal

9. Foreign Control of Egypt
After Ali died, the French and British, under French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lessep’s company, pushed through a plan to build a canal at Suez for the Egyptian government.
How did France and Britain eventually gain total control of the vital canal? (4)
Egypt began borrowing great amounts of money against its future cotton sales.
Europeans charged high interest rates for the loans.
Through global competition with America, cotton prices went down.
When Egypt could not pay its debts, France and Britain won control of Suez Canal as partial payment.

10. Muhammad Ahmad: grey
Led a massive resistance (jihad) against British invaders in the Sudan.
He claimed he was the “Mahdi”.
Eventually defeated by Lord Kitchener and his combined Egyptian and British army.
EC: the battle was fought at _____, in the Sudan. Kitchener was outnumbered 2:1.
Omdurman
In the clip, future British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, is a scout for Lord Kitchener, informing him of the approaching Mahdi forces.
Mahdi: grey
Arabic word for the savior of the Muslims and Islam.
EC: Like the Jewish _______________, a mahdi would protect the religion from foreign invasion (which was considered by Muslims to be supported by Satan).
Messiah

11. Omdurman EC What advantages did Kitchener have (4)
Gunboats on the Nile
His army was up against the Nile, so he could only be attacked from the front.
He concentrated much artillery, creating a deadly rate of fire, killing many Mahdists before they even got to his own soldiers.
Organization and steadiness of British troops made Egyptian troops confident.

12. EC: Why did the Ottoman Empire weaken? (6)
Pasha’s not cooperating
Sultan’s were becoming unpopular
Muslims angry at westernization
Westernization caused social division
Nationalist Revolts
European advances

13. The Sick Ottoman Empire
Pasha:
A provincial governor under the Ottoman government.
Being so far from Istanbul and the Sultan, they became more powerful
they began to act like they alone ruled the provinces.

14. Sultan: grey The supreme leader of the Ottoman Empire.
Objected to Westernization since it would take away his power.
Other Issues weakening the Ottoman Turk Empire

15. The Waning Ottoman Empire
The _________________________ movement: younger leaders felt Turkey was not changing fast enough.
The “Young Turks”
They were angry that Turkey was losing lands to ethnic groups.
They believed that Ottoman rulers should be removed and replaced by a secular government.
They wanted Turkey to be strong in the Middle East.
They wanted to protect what was left of the empire.
They demanded liberal reforms to end the corrupt conservative government.
They became popular enough to overthrow the Sultan in 1908.

16. Genocide: grey
Effort by one people to kill off a racial, political, or ethnic group of people completely.
After several decades, of other ethnic rebellions, Turks had been growing suspicious of nationalist rebels in Armenia.
This phase of the Turkish solution against Armenians began in 1915, during WW I.
Turks arrested and began various methods of killing Armenian civilians;
mass hangings,
starvation,
shootings,
deportations (death marches) into surrounding desert areas were common.
EC: At the end of the event an estimated _____________ people were killed…..
1 million to 2 million
Armenian Genocide From the late 1890s on, the Turks began a systematic campaign to drive out Armenians.

17. Resistance
_____________movement in Arabia resisted schools of the Ottoman Empire.
Wahabbi
They were put down, some arrested.
Many went “underground” to continue learning “pure” Muhammadan teachings.

18. EC: review
What Empire controlled much of the Middle East before the European Imperialists moved in?
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
What European Imperialists moved in? (4)
France
Britain
Russia
Germany
What were some reasons the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire was collapsing? (6)
European advances
Westernization angers nationalists
Weak sultan and leadership
Government corruption
Nationalist revolts
Islamic rebels

19. Concession
Special trade or military rights a powerful nation demands from a weaker one.
Industrial powers wanted Persia’s petroleum
Persia had strategic importance
Russia wanted it for protection against British gains in the Middle East.
Britain wanted Persia for protection of its colonies in India from Russia.
Most Persians hated the Western invaders, but were divided on how to resist them:
Westernize and learn how to resist them
Resort to traditional religious ways to resist them.

20. Where’s the Crude?
USGS map of global petroleum sources

21. EC: Resistance (11)
What people led resistance movements against imperialism and where?
Wahabbi: Arabia
Mahdi/Muslim rebels: Sudan (North Africa)
Young Turks: Turkey
Muslim rebels: Egypt (North Africa)
Zulu: Southern Africa
Shona: Zimbabwe (east Africa)
Asante: West Africa
Hausa: West Africa
Algerians: North Africa
Ethiopians: East Africa
Gandhi: South Africa

22. End hwk
Begin class work

23. Standards Check, p. 299 Question: Europeans
Gained better trading terms
Demanded special treatment
Interfered in local affairs

24. EC: Weakening Ottoman Empire nationalist revolts:
In Eastern Europe (4)
In the Balkans:
Greeks,
Serbs,
Bulgarians,
Romanians,
In the Middle East: (3)
Arabia,
Lebanon,
Armenia

25. Standards Check, p. 300 Question:
They led to population growth and conflict over foreign influence

26. p. 301, Thinking Critically 1 It connected Europe with
Eastern Africa,
Southern and Eastern Asia,
and Australia 2
European countries that were able to increase trade

27. Where is Suez? Suez is in Egypt.
The land is flat, so the canal is like a calm, continuous river
Good for commercial shipping
Products do not break,
Safe passage
It is vital for petroleum tankers going to and from Europe and the Persian Gulf.

28. Standards Check, p. 302 Question:
Britain and France gained an economic hold when Egypt could not pay its huge debts.
Britain sent in troops to crush an Egyptian Nationalist revolt, making it a protectorate.

29. Standards Check, p. 302
Question:
Petroleum was discovered

30. Brief Response
Refer to the map, p How did the Suez Canal change global trade? How did the Suez Canal affect Egypt’s relationship with European powers?