1. Memory is the process by which we recollect prior experiences, information and skills learned in the past
Chapter 7 Memory

2. Types of memory

3. Episodic Memory
Memory of a specific event

4. Semantic Memory
General knowledge memory

5. Implicit Memory
Skills or procedure memory

6. Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves

7. Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
Whether you like Disney movies
how long ago you watched the movie
how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

8. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

9. Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

10. The Memory process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

11. Encoding The processing of information into the memory system.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party

12. Types of Encoding
Encoding exercise
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

13. Which type works best?

14. Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

15. Tip-of-tongue phenomenon
A belief that information is stored in memory however we can not retrieve it
Example: The name of the actor who played the villain in the last Dark Knight movie who I think is really good looking

16. Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.

17. Context Dependent memory
It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.
If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.

18. State dependent memory
Memory retrieval is better of we are in the same state or mood
We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues.

19. Stress and Memory
Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM.
Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

20. Flashbulb Memory
A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory called flashbulb memory. However, this memory is not free from errors.
Ruters/ Corbis
President Bush being told of 9/11 attack.

21. Types of Memory
Sensory Memory:
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory

22. Sensory Memory
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed.

23. The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.
Sensory Memories
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.
Iconic
0.5 sec. long
Echoic
3-4 sec. long
Hepatic
< 1 sec. long

24. Short-Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly.
Seven digits (plus of minus two).
The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.
Rehearsal

25. Memory Effects
Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.
Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

26. Spacing Effect DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
We encode better when we study or practice over time.
DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

27. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Presidents
Recalled
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

28. Take out a piece of paper and….
List the U.S. Presidents

29. The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore
Cleveland
Kennedy
Jefferson
Pierce
McKinley
L.Johnson
Madison
Buchanan
T.Roosevelt
Nixon
Monroe
Lincoln
Taft
Ford
JQ Adams
A.Johnson
Wilson
Carter
Jackson
Grant
Harding
Reagan
Van Buren
Hayes
Coolidge
Bush
Garfield
Hoover
Clinton
Tyler
Arthur
FD.Roosevelt
Bush Jr.
Polk
Truman
Obama

30. Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Chunk- from Goonies
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

31. Interference Learning some new information may disrupt
retrieval of other information.
OBJECTIVE 21| Contrast proactive and retroactive interference, and explain how they can cause retrieval failure.

32. Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

33. Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

34. Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

35. The Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
Left = Verbal
Right = Visual and Locations
The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

36. Storage Decay Even if we encode something well, we can forget it.
Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.

37. Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.
© The New Yorker Collection, Leo Cullum from
cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved

38. Déjà Vu That eerie sense that you have experienced something before.
What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused.
Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?

39. Forgetting

40. Encoding Failure We fail to encode the information.
It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

41. Which penny is real?

42. Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
Which is easier?

43. Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus
( )

44. Rehearsal
The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.

45. Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories.
Repression: A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
OBJECTIVE 22| Summarize Freud's concept of repression, and state whether this view is reflected in current memory research.
Culver Pictures
Sigmund Freud

46. Motivated Forgetting One explanation is REPRESSION:
Why does is exist?
One explanation is REPRESSION:
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.

47. Anterograde Amnesia
After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient Henry M. (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia.
Anterograde
Amnesia
(HM)
Memory Intact
No New Memories
Surgery

48. Tricks to improve your memory
Use imagery: mental pictures
Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my “peg word” system or….
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

49. Self-Reference Effect
An example of how we encode meaning very well.
The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.
Peg-word system

50. Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in aiding memory.

51. Method of Loci List of Items Imagined Locations Charcoal Backyard Pens
Bed Sheets
Hammer .
Rug
Imagined Locations
Backyard
Study
Bedroom
Garage .
Living Room

52. Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.
HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract
ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

53. Improving Memory Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.
Make material personally meaningful.
Use mnemonic devices:
associate with peg words — something already stored
make up a story
chunk — acronyms
OBJECTIVE 28| Explain how an understanding of memory can contribute to effective study techniques.

54. Improving Memory
Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood.
Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation.
Minimize interference:
Test your own knowledge.
Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet know.
© LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis