1. Memory is the process by which we recollect prior experiences, information and skills learned in the past Chapter 7 Memory

2. Types of memory

3. Episodic Memory Memory of a specific event

4. Semantic Memory General knowledge memory

5. Implicit Memory Skills or procedure memory

6. Name the Seven Dwarves Take out a piece of paper

7. Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult. It depends on what factors? Whether you like Disney movies how long ago you watched the movie how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

8. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves. Turn your paper over. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

9. Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

10. The Memory process Encoding Storage Retrieval

11. Encoding The processing of information into the memory system. Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

12. Types of Encoding Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images. Encoding exercise

13. Which type works best?

14. Storage The retention of encoded material over time. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info. Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.

15. Tip-of-tongue phenomenon A belief that information is stored in memory however we can not retrieve it Example: The name of the actor who played the villain in the last Dark Knight movie who I think is really good looking

16. Retrieval The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Finding your document and opening it up. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).

17. Context Dependent memory It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something. If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.

18. State dependent memory Memory retrieval is better of we are in the same state or mood We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues.

19. Stress and Memory Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM. Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

20. Flashbulb Memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory called flashbulb memory. However, this memory is not free from errors. President Bush being told of 9/11 attack. Ruters/ Corbis

21. Types of Memory Sensory Memory: Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

22. Sensory Memory The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed.

23. Sensory Memories Iconic 0.5 sec. long Echoic 3-4 sec. long Hepatic < 1 sec. long The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.

24. Short-Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly. Seven digits (plus of minus two). The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? Rehearsal You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

25. Memory Effects 1.Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. 2.Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

26. Spacing Effect We encode better when we study or practice over time. DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

27. Serial Positioning Effect Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this. Presidents Recalled

28. List the U.S. Presidents Take out a piece of paper and….

29. The Presidents WashingtonTaylorHarrisonEisenhower J.AdamsFillmoreClevelandKennedy JeffersonPierceMcKinleyL.Johnson MadisonBuchananT.RooseveltNixon MonroeLincolnTaftFord JQ AdamsA.JohnsonWilsonCarter JacksonGrantHardingReagan Van BurenHayesCoolidgeBush HarrisonGarfieldHooverClinton TylerArthurFD.RooseveltBush Jr. PolkClevelandTrumanObama

30. Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often it will occur automatically. Chunk- from Goonies 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 Do these numbers mean anything to you? 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

31. Interference Learning some new information may disrupt retrieval of other information.

32. Types of Retrieval Failure Proactive Interference The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

33. Types of Retrieval Failure Retroactive Interference The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

34. Long-Term Memory The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

35. The Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory. Left = Verbal Right = Visual and Locations The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

36. Storage Decay Even if we encode something well, we can forget it. Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time. Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.

37. Déja Vu Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience. © The New Yorker Collection, 1990. Leo Cullum from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved

38. Déjà Vu That eerie sense that you have experienced something before. What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused. Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?

39. Forgetting

40. Encoding Failure We fail to encode the information. It never has a chance to enter our LTM.

41. Which penny is real?

42. Recall v. Recognition With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests). With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests). Which is easier? Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?

43. Rehearsal Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de

44. Rehearsal The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.

45. Motivated Forgetting Motivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories. Repression: A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Sigmund Freud Culver Pictures

46. Motivated Forgetting One explanation is REPRESSION: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness. Why does is exist?

47. No New Memories Anterograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia (HM) Surgery After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient Henry M. (HM) remembered everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this anterograde amnesia. Memory Intact

48. Tricks to improve your memory Use imagery: mental pictures Mnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my “peg word” system or…. Links to examples of mnemonic devices. "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Give me some more examples….

49. Self-Reference Effect An example of how we encode meaning very well. The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves. Peg-word system

50. Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery in aiding memory.

51. Method of Loci List of Items Charcoal Pens Bed Sheets Hammer. Rug Imagined Locations Backyard Study Bedroom Garage. Living Room

52. Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it. HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

53. Improving Memory 1.Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall. 2.Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material. 3.Make material personally meaningful. 4.Use mnemonic devices:  associate with peg words — something already stored  make up a story  chunk — acronyms

54. Improving Memory 5.Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood. 6.Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation. 7.Minimize interference: 1.Test your own knowledge. 2.Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet know. © LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis