1. Intimate Partner Violence
By Amber Celen and Steven Irving

2. Introduction
Focus
Gender and IPV
Effects of IPV on Children
Every year, over 2 million Americans are victims of IPV (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000)
Serious consequences
death, homicide, and trauma
Affects victim and children

3. Definition
“Intimate Partner Violence includes physical, emotional, or sexual maltreatment from an intimate partner that may include name-calling, hitting, controlling behaviors, use of weapons, rape, intimidation, and a plethora of other physical and emotional tactics”
(Wortham, 2014, p. 58)

4. Do you think that males or females are more likely to be the perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence?

5. Gender and Intimate Partner Violence
Misconceptions
Male vs Female Abusers
Consequences
More male arrests
More help for women
Misconception: Males are more abusive and violence toward their partners. Situations with female victims or male abusers are seen as more serious or severe.
More help for women: more shelters. Only one shelter for battered males: Antelope Valley Oasis Shelter in Southern California.

6. Gender and Intimate Partner Violence
Perpetuation of Stereotypes
Male dominance
Data suggests
Same rate
Similar Reasons
power and control
Bidirectional
Data Suggests that IPV is enacted by both males and females at about the same rate and for similar reasons. Both males and females listed power and control as main reasons for enacting violence on their partners
The violence is usually bidirectional, meaning that both partners are abusive in some way to each other and it is rarely a situation of self-defense

7. Support of Claims Victimization of women in lesbian relationships
Patriarchal code of chivalry

8. Social Aspects Social stigma of male weakness Female: self-defense
Less likely to seek help
“Hidden Population”
Female: self-defense

9. Severity Attacks by men on average cause more
physical damage
psychological damage
death
fear
“95% of victims of long term chronic abuse are women” (Post, Mezey, Mazwell, Rhodes, 2011, p. 230)
Male injuries and deaths: ⅓ of IPV cases

10. Intimate Partner Violence and its Effect on Children
In almost every instance of IPV in families a child is present.
This puts a strain on the child/ caregiver relationship.
Approx million children in the U.S reside in households in which IPV is recurrent. (Herman-Smith, R 2013)
Stop at 44 seconds

11. Effects On The Child
Children who are exposed to IPV don’t generally initiate verbal requests with their mothers.
Verbal exchanges are very short
Are less likely to look their caregiver in the eyes

12. Effects On The Child
The most common symptoms are hyperarousal, fearfulness, and increased aggression towards peers
The children also become socially handicapped due to the mental scarring

13. Development of the child
Forming attachment relationships with caregivers is among the most important developmental milestones of infancy and early childhood.
Secure Attachment
Insecure Attachment
Disorganized Attachment

14. Development of the child
Preschool children exposed to IPV are more likely to have clinically significant anxiety, depression, and PTSD
The mental strain put on the children is what some researchers are linking to obesity in adulthood

16. Conclusion
Children are just as much hurt by the violence as the person being hurt
From the time the children are infants they are susceptible to trauma cause by IPV
If affected by trauma the child could grow up to have severe mental issues

17. Conclusion IPV is enacted by both males and females
It is often bidirectional
Attacks by males often cause more harm

18. Works Cited All Pictures retrieved from Google Images
Hamel, J. (2009). Toward a gender-inclusive conception of interpersonal violence research theory: Part 2—new directions International Journal of Men's Health, 8(1), doi: /jmh
Herman-Smith, R. (2013). Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Early Childhood: An Ecobiodevelopmental Perspective
Health & Social Work, Retrieved April 19, 2015, from Ebscohost.
Midei, A., & Matthews, K. (2011). Interpersonal violence in childhood as a risk factor for obesity: A systematic review of the literature and proposed pathways. Obesity Reviews,E159-E172. Retrieved April 19, 2015, from Ebscohost
Post, L. A., Mezey, N. J., Maxwell, C. D., & Rhodes, K. (2011). Using capture-recapture to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence:the gender symmetry debate.International Journal of Science in Society, 2(2), Retrieved from ac-b584-c3bab42732b5%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4214
Sylaska, K. M., & Walters, A. S. (2014). Testing the extent of the gender trap: college students' perceptions of and reactions to intimate partner violence. Sex Roles, 70(3/4), doi: /s
Straus, M. A., & Gozjolko, K. L. (2014). "Intimate terrorism" and gender differences in injury of dating partners by male and female university students. Journal of Family Violence, 29(1), doi: /s
Wortham, T. T. (2014). Intimate partner violence: Building resilience with families and children. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 23(2), Retrieved from b606-ddd3ad1b7d4a%40sessionmgr114&vid=2&hid=124