1. Topic 5.3 Classification of biodiversity essential idea: Species are named and classified using an internationally agreed system
UNDERSTANDINGS:
The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.
Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.
All organisms are classified into three domains.
The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.
Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species.
Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group.

2. Topic 5.3 Classification of biodiversity essential idea: Species are named and classified using an internationally agreed system
Applications and skills:
Application: Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level.
Application: Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.
Application: Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platylhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda and chordata.
Application: Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish.
Skill: Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens.

3. Classification of Plants
Topic 5.3 Application: Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.

4. Eukaryotic Tree of Life
“PROTISTS”
PLANTAE
FUNGI
ANIMALIA
(sea urchins, sea stars, vertebrates)
Deuterostomes
(worms, arthropods, mollusks)
Protostomes
(liverworts, mosses)
Bryophyta
(anemones, jellyfish)
Cnidaria
(flowering plants)
Angiosperms
Diplomonads
Kinetoplastids
Apicomplexans
Dinoflagellates
Phaeophyta
(brown algae)
(water molds)
Oomycota
Rhodophyta
(red algae)
Chlorophyta
(green algae)
Pteridophyta
(ferns)
Gymnosperms
Amoebozoans
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
(sponges)
Porifera
Euglenids
Ciliates
Diatoms

5. What Are the Major Groups of Plants?
Two major groups of land plants arose from ancient green algal ancestors
The nonvascular plants (called bryophytes) require a moist environment to reproduce, and therefore they straddle the boundary between aquatic and terrestrial life
The vascular plants (called tracheophytes) have been able to colonize dry habitats

6. The Evolutionary Tree of Some Major Plant Groups
Nonvascular plants
Vascular plants
bryophyta
seed plants
Liverworts
Mosses
Filocinophyta
coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
Flowers
and fruits
Seeds and pollen
True vascular tissue
and lignin
Ancestral green alga
Fig. 21-4

7. Nonvascular plants (Bryophyta)
Mosses are the most diverse, and some have a waterproof covering that retains moisture, permitting them to invade drier areas, such as deserts, bare rock, and northern and southern climes where humidity is low and water scarce
Mosses of the genus Sphagnum are common in northern regions of the world
Accumulations of dead mosses form peat, which is used as a fuel

8. Nonvascular Plants
Fig. 21-5

9. Vascular plants have conducting cells that also provide support
distinguished by specialized groups of tube-shaped conducting cells
cells are impregnated with the stiffening agent lignin
Vascular plants can be divided into two groups:
seedless vascular plants and the seeded plants

10. seedless vascular plants (Filocinophyta)
include ferns
have swimming sperm and require water for reproduction
do not produce seeds, but propagate by spores

11. Ferns (Filocinophyta)
are broad-leaved and more diverse
With 12,000 species, ferns are the largest and most diverse group of seedless vascular plants
Their well-developed, broad leaves emerge from coiled fiddleheads
Ferns are the only seedless vascular plants that have broad leaves
Reproduction in ferns requires water

12. The seed plants aided by two important adaptations: pollen and seeds
Pollen grains are tiny male gametophytes that carry sperm-producing cells
They are dispersed by wind or pollinators
They eliminate the need for sperm to swim to the egg
Seeds have three components: an embryonic sporophyte plant, a food supply for the embryo, and a protective outer coat

13. Coniferophyta nonflowering seed plants
evolved earlier than the flowering plants
first fully terrestrial plants to evolve, most of these early gymnosperms are now extinct
A conifer tree develops male and female cones
Male cones are relatively small and produce pollen
Female cones consist of numerous woody scales arranged spirally around a central axis

14. Angiospermophyta flowering seed plants produce flowers and fruits
They are the most diverse and widespread of all plants, with more than 230,000 species
broad range in size
The smallest is duckweed (3 mm in diameter)
The largest is the eucalyptus tree (100 meters in height)

15. Flowers attract pollinators
Flowers are reproductive structures in which both male and female gametophytes are formed
Flowers are believed to have evolved when gymnosperm ancestors formed an association with animals
Animals benefited by eating some of the protein-rich pollen
Plants benefited by using animals as pollinators

16. Fruits encourage seed dispersal
Fruits are mature ovaries that contain developing seeds
Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds
Edible fruits entice animals to eat them (seeds pass through the digestive tract unharmed)
Burrs cling to animal fur
Winged fruits are carried through the air