1. MODULE 6
RESPIRATION

2. Laboratory Objectives:
Understand cellular respiration and fermentation processes.
Able to tell differences between cellular respiration and fermentation.
Measure and compare respiration rates in animals and plants.
Measure alcohol fermentation rates in yeast.

3. CELLS REQUIRE TWO THINGS
* BASIC MOLECULES TO BUILD
(Discussed in Module 1-3)
* ENERGY TO PERFORM

4. Where does the Energy come from????
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
and / or
FERMENTATION

5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION and FERMENTATION
are the catabolic pathways to yield energy (ATP) by breaking down complex organic molecules.

6. What are the differences??
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC
FERMENTATION
- AEROBIC (NEEDS O2)
- ANAEROBIC (W/O
O2)
- YIELDS 36 ATP IN
EUKARYOTES AND 38
ATP IN PROKARYOTES
- YIELDS ONLY 2 ATP

7. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CO2 and H2O are wastes (by-products)
ATP is the respiration product which is then used for most cellular works such as growth, movement, reproduction, etc.

8. STAGES IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. GLYCOLYSIS
2. THE KREBS CYCLE
3. THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

10. CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE TO ACETYL CoA PRODUCES: 2 NADH
Figure Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the junction between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

11. THE KREBS CYCLE: Where??……. Mitochondrial matrix What does it do??…
Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
1.              THE ELECTRON TRANPORT CHAIN:
-         In the inner mitochondrial membrane
-         Total 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 (from Glycolysis, Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA, and the Krebs Cycle) are converted to produce 34 ATP
(NOTE: each NADH yields 3 ATP;
each FADH2 yield 2 ATP).
SO, TOTAL ATP PRODUCED FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS 38 ATP.

12. THE ELECTRON TRANPORT CHAIN:
Where??……. inner mitochondrial membrane (in eukaryotes).
What does it do??…
Converts a Total 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 to 34 ATP !!!
* each NADH yields 3 ATP
* each FADH2 yield 2 ATP
1.              THE ELECTRON TRANPORT CHAIN:
-         In the inner mitochondrial membrane
-         Total 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 (from Glycolysis, Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA, and the Krebs Cycle) are converted to produce 34 ATP
(NOTE: each NADH yields 3 ATP;
each FADH2 yield 2 ATP).
SO, TOTAL ATP PRODUCED FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS 38 ATP.

13. Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
Figure Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
Figure ATP synthase, a molecular mill

14. Energy produced…. TOTAL ATP PRODUCED FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
1.GLYCOLYSIS…………....2 ATP
2.THE KREBS CYCLE...…2 ATP
3.THE ETC ..32 ATP to 34 ATP
___________
36 to 38 ATP

15. Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism
FERMENTATION
IN ANAEROBIC (WITHOUT O2) CONDITION ---> ELECTRON TRANSPORT DOES NOT FUNCTION
MICROORGANISMS OR CELLS USE FERMENTATION TO MAKE ENERGY
Figure Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism

16. TWO TYPES OF FERMENTATION
1. ALCOHOL FERMENTATION:
Done by microorganisms such as yeast which ferments sugar to get ATP. Alcohol and CO2 are the by-product of the process.
2. LACTATE (LACTIC ACID)
FERMENTATION:
Done by eukaryotic cells (i.e, human muscle cell) during a period of lack of O2 (i.e., strenuous exercise). Lactate is the by-product of the process.

18. Figure 9.x2 Fermentation

19. What happens to the food we eat?

20. Experimental procedures
Rate of cellular respiration can be measured by measuring O2 consumption or CO2 production by the organisms.
Fermentation rates can be measured by measuring substrate consumption or CO2 production.
For the lab exercise, we will only measure CO2 production for both cellular respiration and fermentation.

21. Experimental procedures
EXAMINES CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS. CALCULATES AND COMPARES RESPIRATION RATES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS BY MEASURING CO2 PRODUCTION BY THE ORGANISMS.
EXPERIMENT 2
EXAMINES ALCOHOL FERMENTATION BY YEAST. CALCULATES AND COMPARES FERMENTATION RATES OF DIFFERENT SUBSRATES BY MEASURING CO2 PRODUCTION.