1. Powhatan Wars: The Great Divide
By Gabby Kepley and Kalena Claveria

2. War Dates and Locations
First Powhatan War- ( )
Second Powhatan War- ( )
Third Powhatan War- ( )
Wars occurred in the colony of Virginia and in Southern Maryland.

3. Causes and What Happened
Series of three wars fought between English settlers and the Natives of the Powhatan Confederacy
First War: Wahunsonacock led a months-long siege against Jamestown. English launched a counter-attack once reinforcements arrived. Fighting continued for the next 4 years
Second War: English began pushing up the river and claiming more land. Confederacy led surprise attack against colonists. English counter-attacked
Third War: Confederacy launched another uprising against English. Limited to outskirts of settlement. Failed to threaten Virginia as a whole

4. Outcome
First War ended because Pocahontas married John Rolfe
Second War ended because unspecified peace was made, balance of power was in colonists favor
Third War ended because chief was captured and killed and treaty was signed
30 years of peace after 1646
Significance
Huge divide between colonists and native americans
Change in language and culture and beliefs

5. Quotes
“But for the good of this plantation, the honour of this country, for the glory of God, for my own salvation.” (Letter by John Rolfe)

6. Work Cited

7. The Beaver Wars: Rise of the Iroquois
By Tejas L. and Braeden P.
LEADING UP TO

8. Dutch + Iroquois VS
French + Allied tribes VS
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE WAR

9. French Colonies English Colonies Iroquois Confederacy
What about English???
French Colonies
English Colonies
Iroquois Confederacy
Although the treaty was a written attempt to put an end to this bloody campaign, conflict continued between the British, French, Dutch, and the American Indian tribes over land control for many decades after,
AFTER THE PEACE TREATY

10. “One of the Bloodiest Wars in US History”
King Philip's War
“One of the Bloodiest Wars in US History”
Development of the war began 1675 ending fourteen months later in August 1676
Involves Native Americans and English Settlers
Wamponaug, Nipmucks, Pocumtucks, and Narragansetts
Mainly in the New England region
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
Jessica Buffington and Chanel Schwartz

11. Causes and Outcomes
Cause of event was due to execution of Christian converted Native American, John Sassamon, believed to be a spy for English Settlers.
Three Wampanoag native Americans executed by English colonists
Conflict arose from these incidents
Colonists destroyed Native American villages
Native Americans were against one another
War ended with beheading of King Philip, assassinated by Native Americans working with colonists

12. Significance
“the government of the Massachusetts [has] contributed much to their misfortunes, for they first taught the Indians the use of arms, and admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and shewed [sic] them how to handle, mend and fix their muskets, and have been furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government”(Edward Randolph's report of King Philip's war in New England, 1675)
The relations with colonists and Native Americans dissolved
Future cooperation with training and giving firearms was abolished
Additional:
Destruction of settlements and the tribes
Years to recover

13. Pueblo Revolt: Attempt to Reclaim the Pueblo Culture
When/Where: August , in Sante Fe, New Mexico
Who: Pueblo Indians (led by Pope) and Spanish
Cause: Spanish dominance for about 80 years
Catholic missions: religious persecution
Took over land, culture, lifestyle, religion
Violence towards resistance
What happened:
Pushed out spanish for 9 days
Killed 400, 2000 others fled
Destroyed mission churches

14. Pueblo Revolt: Attempt to reclaim Pueblo culture (cont.)
Outcome of the revolt
Pueblo Indians received initial success
No trouble from Spaniards
12 years later they were reconquered
Significance/Impact
Signified further tensions between natives and colonists
Became aware of natives power
Colonists became more hostile toward natives

15. “If the purpose of the rebellion was simply to drive out Spanish ways, it failed...But if the rebels’ purpose was to reassert their own ways in a new setting, their rebellion succeeded”
Summarizes the Pueblo Revolt
The rebellion solely served as a halt in the Spanish expansion
Promoted revivalism: lifestyle returned to pre-Spanish era

16. The Salem Witch Trials: The Religious Paranoia that Sparked the End of an Ideal
February 1692 to May 1693 Grace Fiser and Hannah Buckingham
Location: Salem, Massachusetts with hearings held in Salem Town and Village, Ipswich and Andover
What Happened: The Salem witch trials were a long series of hearings and prosecutions of men and women accused of witchcraft. Over the duration of the witch trials twenty people were executed, 14 female and all but 1 hanged. Five more including including two infants died in prison.
Causes: Although the European witch trials were ending, there were rumors of witchcraft in villages near Salem. A minister named Cotton Mather wrote pamphlets preaching on the existence of witchcraft. The pamphlets told the story of the Goodwin children who had come into contact with a “Witch” and come down with strange symptoms. This and other incidents fueled the paranoia of witchcraft. Leading to the trials people of varying race and walks of life were accused of witchcraft.
Who: Accusers - people “afflicted” by witches, witches who “confessed” and accused others, and a physician who diagnosed “bewitchment”
Betty Parris and Abigail Williams first to be “afflicted”
Convicted - those executed, died in prison, evaded arrest, pardoned, born in prison, escaped prison, accused but not arrested
Sarah Good(death by hanging). Sarah Osborne(death by hanging), Tituba(released) were first to be accused

17. Ending and impact Who cont:
Court Personnel - Court of Oyer(to hear), Court of Terminer(to decide), governor(Sir William Phips)
Outcome: The last trial was held in May 1963, after the paranoia had begun to die down. Once the wife of the colony's’ governor (May Phips) was accused, he ended the trials. Usually poor people/outsiders were accused, but in 1693, many high-end members of the community were accused too.
Impact/significance:
First mass hysteria in North America
Both government and religion played a role in civil society
Puritan belief that evil(Devil) was physical threat to well-being, females more influenced by Devil
Because the government was heavily tied to the church, this religious hysteria had enough power in the government to carry out these unjust trials and subsequent execution showing the problem with having a government based in religion
Signaled beginning to the end of the idea of the “City Upon a Hill”
Failure of government to protect innocent lives

18. Primary source
“2. There are such Devils in the Church: Not only sinners but notorious sinners; sinners more like to the Devil than others. So here in Christs little Church. Text. This also Christ teacheth us in the Parable of the Tares. 13. Matth. 38. Where Christ tells us that such are the Children of the wicked one. i.e. of the Devil.” (Sermon by Samuel Parris given on March )
Analysis: The Sermon of Samuel Parris highlights the religious ideals that fueled the paranoia causing the witch trials. The people of Salem were convinced that it was their christian duty to expel evil from their community, this being the so called witches. They believed that the “witches” were among them accusing them of infiltrating the church in the name of the devil. In time they began to see everyone as in the service of satan. This escalated into the many who were accused and executed in the name of a religious ideal. At the time these ideals had a strong enough hold in the government that those voicing these ridiculous claims had real political power.
Citations:

19. Stono Rebellion (a large slave revolt against whites)
By Riley Lux and Willy Sit
“The narrative that Stono represents has always been in the hearts and minds of many Americans. (Shuler, 2009, p. 182 ).

20. How it Began and What Happened
The rebellion happened in South Carolina at Stono River in the year 1739
The reason why it started was that Malaria had spread to many slaveholders so they were weakened and that there was a church service on the day which played a factor in the timing
The leader of the rebellion was an Angolan named Jemmy
At the beginning there were about 20 people in the group and by noon they became 81 strong
The slaves burned 6 plantations and killed whites

21. How it Ended and the effects
The whites gathered a militia of men and confronted the slaves at Edisto river. The casualties numbered at 23 more whites and 47 slaves
The majority of rebels were captured and killed over the next few months with the exception of one who remained a fugitive for 3 years
Because of this act of rebellion the slaveholders created more laws restricting slaves of basic human rights so this was a significant event because this made white slaveholders fear slaves more
South Carolina passed the Negro act of 1740 which stopped slaves from assembling, getting an education, and movement

22. Citations PBS: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p284.html

23. Leisler’s Rebellion: The Crown Interferes in New York
Causes
Lieutenant Governor Nicholson placed a duty on imported goods
Many merchants, including Jacob Leisler(also a militia leader), refused to pay it
Tensions increased between Nicholson and the militia
Soon, the militia erupted into open rebellion against Nicholson(but not against the king)
What happened
Leisler was asked to lead the militia, which soon gained control of Fort James in 1689
He soon gained more control in Southern New York
Issued a declaration that he would be in charge until the king sent a better governor
Had support from some, felt resistance from others
Started trying to collect taxes, organize an attack on New France, and other things

24. End of Rebellion The king steps in Significance:
In 1691, the king sent a new governor and a lieutenant governor
The lieutenant governor arrived first, but lacked the necessary paperwork to take charge of the colony
Leisler refused to surrender control, and some skirmishes ensued
When the governor arrived, Leisler remained stubborn but was eventually forced to surrender
Significance:
Leisler and several of his supporters were charged with treason and executed, which made them martyrs
Colonists resented the fact that Leisler was killed despite remaining loyal to the crown
Leisler’s rebellion was another example of the crown interfering directly in colonial matters, and this increased tensions between the colonies and England

25. Works Cited
Burke, Thomas. “Leisler’s Rebellion at Schenectady, New York, 1689–1710.” Jstor.org, New York State Historical Association, 1989, pp ,
G, Nicky. “Leisler’s Rebellion.” Leisler’s Rebellion, MapSites, 2011,
A Gentleman of the City of New York. “Leisler’s Rebellion.” Leisler’s Rebellion, 2012, readtheconstitutionstupid.com/en/ / /miscellaneous/ leislers-rebellion.
Site contributers. “United States History.” Leisler`s Rebellion, u-S.history.com, 2014,
Site contributers. “Leisler’s Rebellion.” Whatwhenhow RSS, 2015, what-when-how.com/conspiracy-theories-in-american-history/leislers-rebellion/.

26. The Establishment of Free Press in America

27. Background
When: Nov. 17, 1734
Who: John Peter Zenger, Andrew Hamilton, New York Royal Government (William Cosby), Grand Jury of New York
Cause of the conflict: The printing of an article by Zenger that was considered by the Royal Governor as “seditious libels”
Action: Zenger was sent to court for seditious libels
Outcome: Zenger won the case, cementing freedom of speech in the American Colonies
John Peter Zenger

28. Significance Questions the legal practice of printing.
Promoted moral ethics=liberty and freedom
Enabled freedom of the press.
The case allowed for the abandonment of old beliefs and demands from the English authority.

29. Quote Analysis “Deny the publication of complaint,”
“And tho’ I am perfectly of the opinion with the gentleman who has just now spoke, on the same side with me, as to the common course of proceedings, I mean in putting Mr. Attorney upon proving, that my client printed and published those papers mentioned in the Information; yet I cannot think it proper for me (without doing violence to my own principles) to deny the publication of a complaint, which I think is the right of every free- born subject to make, when the matters so published can be supported with truth; and therefore I’ll save Mr. Attorney the trouble of examining his witnesses to that point; and I do (for my client) confess, that he both printed and published the two newspapers set forth in the Information, and I hope in so doing he has committed no crime.”
-Andrew Hamilton
“Deny the publication of complaint,”
free press is a right for everyone
“Which I think is the right of every free-born citizen to make,”
idea of natural rights identified
“When the matters so published can be supported with truth,”
places truth above all else
“I do (for my client) confess, that he both printed and published the two newspapers set forth in the information, and I hope in doing so he has committed no crime,”
truth is not a crime

30. War of Jenkins Ear Guerra del Asiento (1739-48)
Izzy Happel
and
Salveen Sandhu

31. War of Jenkins Ear When? Who? Why?
, mostly over by 1742 (merged to large war of Austrian succession)
1731, when Jenkins ear was cut off, later showed to British parliament
Major victories in 1742 and 1743
Who?
Britain and Spain, land between South carolina and Florida
Spanish empire against Great Britain
Robert Jenkins (man war named after)
Why?
Disputed land claims, piracy ( got name from one incident)
Fights over border lines in the Caribbean

32. Quote by Harold Temperley
What Happened?
Spanish privateer severed British captain Robert Jenkins's ear in 1731 as punishment for raiding Spanish ships
Jenkins presented the ear to Parliament, and the outraged English public demanded retribution
Throughout the 1730s, tensions increased between England & Spain, leading to war in late October of 1739
How Did it End?
Diplomatic resolution part of settlement in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
unofficially settled St. Johns River as boundary between Georgia and Florida
Asiento not mentioned in treaty
Officially settled through 1750 Treaty of Madrid
Britain renounced claim to asiento for £100,000
Trade between Britain & Spain continued under conditions that were more fair
Impact on America
Settlers teamed up with Indian forces against Spain
Georgia remained a buffer against foreign attacks & in English possession during war
Quote by Harold Temperley
British historian, Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge
"perhaps, the first of English wars in which the trade interest absolutely predominated, in which the war was waged solely for balance of trade rather than for balance of power"
Something that made this war unique
Trade matters between Spanish and English were major conflict
Quote by Harold Temperley

33. Sources

34. The Thrilling New York Slave Revolt: Rights and Rebellion
This even happened in april 6, 1712 in new york
Event occurred in Manhattan
Had a large slave population
Involved Slaves and the English
Slaves were suppressed
British rule of the area made life even more restricted for slaves and freed blacks

35. Spread word about rebellion 23 Slaves killed 9 whites 6 more injured
Slaves angry
Spread word about rebellion
23 Slaves killed 9 whites 6 more injured
After many blacks were arrested
21 were brutally executed
New laws were put in place to stop this from happening
Slaves more free when dutch owned New York
England did not treat Slaves kindly

36. “Within months, the New York Assembly passed “an act for preventing, suppressing and punishing the conspiracy and insurrection of Negroes and other slaves.”
-Sutherland, Claudia E.
Works Cited