1. CITATIONS
AND
REFERENCES
Amparita Sta. Maria

2. Purposes of Legal Citation
What is "legal citation"? It is a standard language that allows one writer to refer to legal authorities with sufficient precision and generality that others can follow the references.
Purposes of Legal Citation
The task of "legal citation" is to acknowledge the source of the data and to provide sufficient information to the reader about the source.
Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) by Peter W. Martin

3. A reference properly written in "legal citation" strives to do at least three things, within limited space:
identify the document and document part to which the writer is referring to
provide the reader with sufficient information to find the document, and
furnish important additional information about the referenced material and its connection to the writer's argument to assist readers in deciding whether or not to pursue the reference.

4. Electronic Sources
Citations making specific reference to an electronic source are necessary only when the cited material is not widely available from multiple sources and when identifying the electronic source is likely to aid readers' access to it.
Cite material as it is denominated and organized in "print" unless much better access is available electronically. Even where an electronic source is used, if the material is reasonably available in print, cite in relation to the print version, but put the parallel citation of the electronic source.
A date should be furnished for an electronic source when the document citation does not itself carry that information unambiguously. If there is no information, put a "last visited" or "accessed" date.

5. PLACING CITATIONS IN CONTEXT
Principle 1: Short quotations (fewer than 50 words) are generally enclosed in quotation marks “__”. Any quotation marks within such a quote are converted to a single mark (').
Principle 2: Longer quotations (50 words or more) and shorter quotations to which the author wishes to give special emphasis are set off from the text by being indented both right and left (without quotation marks).

6. Principle 3: When the quoted work itself includes a quotation, that quotation should if possible be attributed to the original work in a parenthetical clause.
Principle 4: Changes to a quoted work are shown with square brackets and ellipses [" “]. When omitted material comes at the beginning of a quotation the omission is shown by capitalizing the first letter of the first quoted word and placing that letter in brackets rather than with ellipses. Changes in emphasis and omissions of citations or footnotes are indicated by parenthetical clauses.
Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) by Peter W. Martin

7. RULES OF CITATION FORMATTING GUIDELINES
1.1 Basic structure: AUTHOR . full name (in large and small capital letters, not all capitals), TITLE (large and small capital letters), page number(s) for the proposition being cited, year of book’s publication in parenthesis.
Example: William T. Burke, The New International Law of Fisheries 292 (1994).
RULES OF CITATION AND STYLE GUIDELINES
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL WILDLIFE LAW & POLICY

8. Note: In contrast to some other systems of citation, the Bluebook style does not require inclusion of the publisher.
1.1.1 Author
• If a book has more than one author, cite all authors the first time the book is cited, with a maximum of three (in case of two or more authors, do not use “and” but “&”);
• If a book has more than three authors, list only the first author, followed by “et al.”
1.1.2 Title
• Provide the full title as it appears on the title page of the book, including subtitles;

9. • Capitalize the initial word, the word immediately following a colon, and all other words except articles, conjunctions, and prepositions of less than four letters.
1.1.3 Page number(s)
• Cite page number(s) if a specific reference is made;
• Do not use any introductory abbreviation such as “p.” or “pp;”
Example: Johnson, The Law of Armed Conflict 432 (1986).

10. Example: Johnson, The Law of Armed Conflict Since 1945 at 432 (1986).
•Use “at” if the page number may be confused with a part of the title or any other numerical sequence. In other cases, do not use a comma before the page number.
Example: Johnson, The Law of Armed Conflict Since 1945 at 432 (1986).
1.2 Editions
When citing to a work that has been published by the same publisher in more than one edition, indicate the edition and the year the edition was published).
Example: I.A. Shearer, Starke’s International Law 105 (11th ed. 1994).
RULES OF CITATION AND STYLE GUIDELINES
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL WILDLIFE LAW & POLICY

11. Plagiarism To Plagiarize is …
to buy essays or copy chunks from your friend's homework
to borrow passages from books or articles or Web sites without identifying or acknowledging them properly.
The purpose of a thesis is to show your own thinking, not create a patchwork of borrowed ideas. But how do you give proper references to all the readings you've done and all the ideas you've encountered?
Written by Margaret Procter, Coordinator of Writing Support, University of Toronto. Copyright All rights reserved.

12. Can't I avoid problems just by listing every source in the bibliography?
No, reference must be given as soon as the idea is used, not just at the end of the paragraph.
It's often a good idea to name the authors ("X says" and "Y argues against X,") and then indicate your own stand ("A more inclusive perspective, however, ").

13. But whether a passage is
If I put the ideas into my own words, do I still have to clog up my pages with all those names and numbers?
Sorry— but yes!!! In academic papers, one must keep mentioning authors and pages and dates to show how own ideas are related to those of the experts.
It's sensible to use own words to save space and to let ideas connect smoothly.
But whether a passage is
directly quoted in quotation marks, or
paraphrased, or
just summarized,
This applies to Internet sources too: state author and date as well as title and URL.)
the source must be identified then and there.

14. I didn't know anything about the subject until I started the thesis
I didn't know anything about the subject until I started the thesis. Do I have to give an acknowledgement for every point made?
It’s safer to over-reference, but it can be cut down by recognizing that some ideas are "common knowledge.”
Facts easily found in standard reference books are considered common knowledge: the date of the Independence Day, for example. No need to name a specific source for them, even if you learned them only when doing your research.
Some interpretive ideas may also be so well accepted that they don't need referencing: that Picasso is a distinguished modernist painter, for instance, or that smoking is harmful to health.
Check with adviser if in doubt whether a specific point is considered common knowledge in your field.

15. How can I tell what's my own idea and what has come from somebody else?
Documenting helps. Always write down the author, title and publication information (including the identifying information for web pages) so you can attach names and dates to specific ideas.
Don't paste passages from webpages into your draft: that's asking for trouble. As you read any text—online or on the page—summarize useful points in your own words.
If you record a phrase or sentence you might want to quote, put quotation marks around it in your notes to remind yourself that you're copying the author's exact words.

16. So what exactly do I have to document?
Quotations, paraphrases, or summaries: If you use the author's exact words, enclose them in quotation marks, or indent passages of more than four lines.
It's seldom worthwhile to use long quotations. In most cases, use own words to paraphrase or summarize the idea you want to discuss, emphasizing the points relevant to your argument.
Be sure to name sources even when you are not using the exact original words. It is a good idea to mention the author's name. That gains you some reflected authority and indicates where the borrowing starts and stops.

17. “So what exactly do I have to document?” cont…
Specific facts used as evidence for your argument or interpretation: First consider whether the facts you're mentioning are "common knowledge" as earlier mentioned; if so, you may not need to give a reference.
But when you're relying on facts that might be disputed within your discipline—perhaps newly published data—establish their trustworthiness by showing you got them from an authoritative source.
e.g. In September 1914, more than 1300 skirmishes were recorded on the Western Front.8 [traditional endnote/footnote system]

18. “So what exactly do I have to document?” cont…
Distinctive or authoritative ideas, whether you agree with them or not: The way you introduce a reference can indicate your attitude and lead into your own argument.
e.g. Writing in 1966, Ramsay Cook asserted that Canada was in a period of critical instability That period is not yet over, judging by the same criteria of electoral changeability, economic uncertainty, and confusion in policy decisions. [new MLA system]
e.g. One writer (Von Daniken, 1970) even argues that the Great Pyramid was built for the practical purpose of guiding navigation. [APA system]
Written by Margaret Procter, Coordinator of Writing Support, University of Toronto. Copyright All rights reserved.

19. REMEMBER: Whenever in doubt, cite your source.
It is better to over-cite than to be accused of plagiarism.

20. THANK YOU