1. Chapter 1 – Biochemistry: An Introduction
Suroviec Fall 2016

2. I. Biochemistry Introduction
Study of how life processes result from the interaction of lifeless molecules

3. II. Biological Structures
Chemical Foundations
Living things are only made of a few elements

4. B. Organic Chemistry
Most molecules in a living cell belong to one of a few structure classes
Chemical reactivity of biomolecules is limited relative to the reactivity of all organic compounds

6. C. Major Biomolecules
4 major groups 1. amino acids 2. carbohydrates 3. nucleotides 4. lipids

7. 1. Amino Acids

8. 2. Carbohydrates

9. 3. Nucleotides

10. 4. Lipids

11. D. Major Biological Polymers
Organisms contain macromolecules that may consist of thousands of atoms
Built from smaller units

12. D. Major Biological Polymers
Proteins

13. Nucleic acids

14. D. Major Biological Polymers
3. polysaccharides

15. Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
The properties of even the simplest cells are remarkable
Autopoiesis has been coined to describe the remarkable properties of living organisms
Metabolism is defined as:
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

16. Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Biochemical Reactions
In a nucleophilic substitution reaction, an atom with an unshared pair of electrons displaces a leaving group
A: + B-X  A-B + X: where A: is the nucleophile and X: is the leaving group
An important type is a hydrolysis reaction
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

17. Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Biochemical Reactions Continued
An elimination reaction forms a double bond when atoms in a molecule are removed
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

18. Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Biochemical Reactions Continued
An addition reaction is when two molecules combine to form a single product
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

19. Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Biochemical Reactions Continued
An isomerization reaction results in atoms or groups undergoing intramolecular shifts
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

20. Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Biochemical Reactions Continued
Electron transfer is the result of oxidation-reduction reactions
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

21. Energy Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work
Cells generate most of their energy with redox reactions
The energy captured when electrons are transferred from an oxidizable molecule to an electron-deficient molecule is used to drive ATP synthesis
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

22. Overview of Metabolism
Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Overview of Metabolism
Metabolic pathways come in two types: anabolic and catabolic
Figure 1.20 A Biochemical Pathway
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

23. Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
Figure 1.21 Anabolism and Catabolism
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press

24. Biological Order Section 1.3: Is the Living Cell a Chemical Factory?
The coherent unity that is observed in all organisms:
Synthesis of biomolecules
Transport across membranes
Cell movement
Waste removal
From McKee and McKee, Biochemistry, 5th Edition, © 2011 by Oxford University Press