1. The Anglo-Powhatan Wars and the fall of native American competition in virginia
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Who: Powhatan Confederacy and English Colonists
What: Three wars over the same dispute lasting an
average of about 6 years in total
When: ( ), ( ), and ( )
Where: Virginia Colony and Chesapeake Bay area
Why: Tension over English desire for expansion into native lands due to the incessant need for land to grow crops and build colonies by Englishmen. On the opposing end, the natives wanted to protect their land from hostile foreigners. The English repeatedly invaded land that the Powhatans had power over, provoking constant battles for control. 1

2. The Anglo-Powhatan Wars and the fall of native American competition in virginia
Causes:
English desire for Indian land to grow crops
Indian steadfastness in protecting their land from foreigners
Constant land invasions by the English that eventually just lead to war
Outcome:
After 1646, and the end of the third war the English populated most of the previously Powhatan controlled territory
The Powhatan surrender led to most of the tribes moving from the Chesapeake into an area designated for natives due to Englishmen
Significance:
Post war native communities were much more scattered
The English desire for more land was able to continue 2

3. The Anglo-Powhatan Wars and the fall of native American competition in virginia
Primary source: the treaty that ended the third Anglo-Powhatan War
Quote: BE it enacted by this Grand Assembly, That the articles of peace foll: between the inhabitants of this colony, and Necotowance King of the Indians bee duely & inviolably observed upon the penalty within mentioned as followeth: 2

4. Trojan Massacres (1610-1646) First Anglo-Powhatan War: 1610 - 1614
Second Anglo-Powhatan War:
Third Anglo-Powhatan War:
Location:
Virginia Colony (Jamestown)
Key individuals:
Lord de la Warr
Chief Powhatan
Pocahontas (Rebecca Rolfe)
John Rolfe
Chief Opechancanough
Chief Necotowance
Causes:
Western expansion; crop burning
What happened:
Massacres (on both sides)
Arson

5. Destruction of Powhatan Tribe Signing of a treaty Significance:
Results:
Destruction of Powhatan Tribe
Signing of a treaty
Significance:
Influenced westward expansion
Hostile relations between settlers and
natives → Origins of modern day
reservations
“What will it availe you to take that by force you may quickly have by love, or to destroy them that provide you food” (Chief Powhatan)

6. Sources Chapter 2, American Pageant
"Jamestown Massacre." Getty Images, History Study Center
"POCAHONTAS." The Reader's Companion to American History, 1991, History Study Center
"Powhatan Wars." Native North Americans: Warfare, Economy, and Technology, 1988, History Study Center,
“‘What Can You Get By Warre’: Powhatan Exchanges Views With Captain John Smith, ’” HISTORY MATTERS - The U.S. Survey Course on the Web, historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5838.
Images:
d=62

7. Beaver Wars or Iroquois and French Wars: English Advancement
WHO: The Iroquois Confederacy, which consisted of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk tribes, the Dutch and the French and their Native allies
WHAT: Various battles fought to expand territory
WHEN: Mid-seventeenth century ~1642 to 1701
WHERE: Great Lake Region, New York
WHY: The tribes wanted to expand their territory
and monopolize the fur trade
primary source

8. WHAT HAPPENED: The Iroquois Confederacy attacked other native groups who had lands around them or who had a strong hold in the fur trading industry. The English took over the Dutch territory of then New Amsterdam, which was the main source of trading for the Confederacy. After many battles the French were able to capture one the confederacy's chiefs and thus a Peace Treaty was signed by the French and 39 native american chiefs that had them agree to stop marauding and allow refugees to return east.
IMPACT: Much took place beyond the frontier so the full impact is unknown but after the war, the English had control over the iroquois and their territory. Iroquois tribes lost their power and many lives.

9. Primary Source
A priest says "As far as I can divine, It is the design of the Iroquois to capture all the Huron...put the Chiefs to death...and with the rest to form one nation and country"
The Iroquois wanted to integrate captured enemies into their culture to make up for their own casualties. This shows their weakening power and as well as their large ambition to conquer.
Iroquois Wars II: Excerpts from the Jesuit Relations and Other Primary Sources
Iroquois Wars I: Excerpts from the Jesuit Relations and Primary Sources

10. Salem Witch Trials - The Beginning of the Puritan Downfall
Feb May 1693
Salem, Massachusetts and some surrounding towns
Local puritan authorities accused many citizens of witchcraft
Young women would have episodes that were defined as “bewitchment”
Bridget Bishop was first to be convicted
Hysteria spread throughout town and colony- church leaders needed control
Over 150 people executed over course of trails

11. Salem Witch Trials - The Beginning of the Puritan Downfall
Citizens began to question methods - needed more evidence
Citizens began to turn of Puritan leaders, disappointed in their actions
Church and Judges forced to publicly apologize to families seeking justice
After trials, Puritans lost some of their grip on Mass. (although they were still a big part of it)

12. Public Apology of Samuel Sewall, spoken by Rev. Samuel Willard
“He [Sewall] is, upon many accounts, more concerned than any that he knows of, Desires to take the Blame and shame of it, Asking pardon of men, And especially desiring the prayers that God, who has Unlimited Authority, would pardon that sin and all other his sins; personal and Relative”
Church leaders had to apologize, as support for them and the church began to dwindle

13. Works Cited
“Salem Witch Trials.” history.com, A&E television networks, 2017, Accessed 2 Oct
“Salem Witch Trials.” Wikipedia, 11 Sept. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_witch_trials. Accessed 2 Oct
“Samuel Sewall Takes the Blame and Shame for the Salem Witchcraft Trials.” New England Historical Society, 2016, Accessed 2 Oct

14. The Pueblo Revolt; A Culmination of Foreign Tensions
Who: Spanish settlers, Pueblo Indians
What: Otherwise known as Popé’s Rebellion, the Pueblo Indians had been dealing with the aggression of the Spanish Settlers for over a century. Popé, a Pueblo Indian, led the rebellion and told the the other Indians that when the Spanish left the Pueblo gods would reward them with prosperity and healing. In the end, the Pueblo Indians launched a full- scale attack, won, and expelled the Spanish.
When: August 10-21, 1680
Where: New Mexico, New Spain
Why: They craved the life they so loved before the
arrival of the Spanish

15. cont. Turning point of Spanish-Native relations
No other rebellion had as much drive
Drove out spaniards for 12 years
Reconquest: pueblo culture continued to thrive
New mexico was altered for the better
“330 years later, the Pueblo people still live in ancient villages across the southwest… a proud statue of the Pope was given by New Mexico for display in the Capitol.”
(first successful rebellion of its kind; significant and memorable to the Pueblo themselves)

16. Works Cited
Naranjo, Pedro. “Coexistence and Conflict in the Spanish Southwest: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680.” Digital History, Digital History, 1680
“Federal Building and U. S. Courthouse: Mozley Mural - Albuquerque NM.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Pueblo Rebellion.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 19 May 2008
Countryman, Edward. “The Pueblo Revolt.” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.

17. NY Slave Revolt: Catalyst of Harsher Slavery in NE
By Justin Jones and Lakshmanan Muthukaruppan
Who:
23 African rebel slaves.
What:
A group of African slaves set fire to a building in Maiden Lane and attacked white colonists.
When:
April 6, 1712.
Where:
New York.
Why:
Slaves in New York were in close proximity with colonists and became resentful of their freedom/rights.

18. Causes → What Happened → Outcome
African slaves wanted to inspire a revolt from other slaves, and to rise up against their masters.
23 African slaves met in a tavern to discuss the plan for the revolt.
Unlike slaves in the South, slaves in the North could communicate to other slaves. Which caused an easier way for the African slaves to organize a revolt against the colonists.
What Happened:
A group of 23 slaves set fire to a building on Maiden Lane and gathered armed slaves for the rebellion.
9 white slave owners were killed, and 6 slave owners were wounded.
Militia captured 27 rebels hiding near present day Canal Street. 6 of whom committed suicide rather face trial.
Approximately 40 rebels were put to trial. About 18 were pardoned.
Outcome:
New Yorkers created and enforced laws to prevent rebellions and also made slaves’ lives miserable.

19. Significance/Impact
The impact of the revolt caused the city of New York to enact strict laws against all slaves in the North, which include:
The prevention of slaves to congregate into groups larger than 3 with fellow slaves.
The prevention of slaves owning or carrying firearms.
Discouragement of releasing slaves by enacting a law that required slave holders to pay a fee of ￡200 to release a slave.
Slave holders can punish slaves as they wish, even for no reason as long they do not lose their life or a limb.
New York still allowed slavery after the rebellion to maintain a steady profit by trading with other countries.
This caused further resentment to build up within slaves, which leads to the New York Conspiracy of 1741.
Quote: “It was put in execution in this manner, when they had resolved to revenge themselves, for some hard usage they apprehended to have received from their masters (for I can find no other cause) they agreed to meet in the orchard of Mr. Crook in the middle of the town, some provided with fire arms, some with swords and others with knives and hatchets.” - Governor Robert Hunter

20. A Symbol of Resistance: The Stono Rebellion
Vrishab SK and Abi C
Spanish offered freedom to slaves during war with British (War of Jenkin’s Ear)
Any slaves that make it to Florida would gain freedom and land
Security Act was about to be passed
Would require all whites to be armed on Sundays in case of rebellion
Sunday, September 9th, 1739
Traveled for 10 miles along the Stono River
Started by 20 slaves but reached nearly 100 slaves
Caught by militia → nearly 44 slaves and 21 whites dead
Started with 20 slaves and recruited more as they traveled. They protested using signs reading “Liberty” and even killed a firearms dealer to gather guns. While resting
Intending to reach Florida as Spain promised land and freedom to british slaves. The reason being to destabilize britian during their War of Jenkins Ear. The impending Security Act would require all white men to take firearms to church on Sunday, a practice not common a the time. Therefore, slaves decided to take advantage of this time to start a rebellion when whites were absent of thier weaopns.
Ultimately failed its purpose to free slaves at once

21. Significance
“...the most effectual means to prevent such desertion of Our Negroes is to encourage some Indians by a suitable reward to pursue and if possible to bring back the deserters… ”(Bull).
Sent to the Royal Council by Governor Bull within one month of incident
Was the immediate solution to prevent creating joint uprisings with natives
Bounty hunter system created animosity between Natives and Slaves
The Negro Act - Regulated how slaves would be managed by their owners
Ultimately reduced chances of rebellion
Led to the creation of the Slave Codes
A set of rules all slaves were forced to follow
Prohibited slaves from gathering without white supervision
Learning to read and write
Growing own food
Governor William Bull of South Carolina sent a letter to the Royal Council regarding the usage of Indians as bounty hunters to prevent slaves from forming further join rebellions.

22. Leisler’s Rebellion: Splitting the People of New York in Two
King Charles II’s brother James takes control of the throne, forms Dominion of England
James adds New York to the Dominion, Sir Edmund Andros and his lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson take charge. Later in 1688, King James is overthrown and replaced by protestant William III and Mary II
Andros, along with other Dominion officials, are arrested; Nicholson prevents spread of the news to New York. Nicholson and his council impose a tax on all imports. May 30, 1689, arguments between Nicholson and a New York Militia officer result in discourse between the two groups.
Jacob Leisler, a Protestant, is appointed leader of City Militia - takes charge of Fort James, giving Militia complete control over the harbor which they use to reduce Nicolson’s outside communication. June 10, Nicholson leaves for England.
Alene

23. Leisler’s Rebellion: Splitting the People of New York in Two
Rebellion was a huge bloodbath
May 31, 1689 – March 21, 1691
(Leisler’s rule, struggles with both his dutch council and anti-leislerians)
Jacob Leisler was executed in 1691
32 convicted cases and 8 men (including Leisler) were sentenced to death
Execution lead to the entirety of New York to be split into two rival sides
Jay

24. Leisler’s Rebellion: Significance
A English versus colonies ordeal
Was a beginning to colonists resenting the English
An increase of tension between the two
Colonists realized they were not too fond of England having THIS MUCH power over them.
This created tension caused the colonies to be one step closer to independence!
“Leisler bitterly polarized Americans. Though historians usually treat him as a uniquely New York personality, contemporary commentators reveal that he had wide impact from New England to the Chesapeake” (David William Voorhees).
Brian

25. When: April 9th 1731, October 1739-1748
By Sara & Bella
When: April 9th 1731, October
Location: New Granada and the Caribbean; Florida–Georgia; Pacific and Atlantic
Who: Britain and Spain
Causes of Conflict: Robert Jenkins claimed in that a crew of Spanish coastguards tied him up and cut off his ear. Jenkins had to testify in They were angered at the spaniards for cutting off the british captain’s ear.
-since tensions were high between the british and spainards, the attack enraged the british public.

26. November 1739: Admiral Edward Vernon sacks Porto Bello (Modern Panama)
What happened?:
November 1739: Admiral Edward Vernon sacks Porto Bello (Modern Panama)
March 1741: Vernon’s Attack on Cartagena (Columbia) fails.
4/5 August - 9 December 1741: Vernon attempts to seize Cuba, however fails, resulting in heavy British casualties.
The war overseas eventually
Citations:

27. The Birth of Free Press The Zenger Case
Allison Nakasone & Jackie Blindheim

28. Peter Zenger
American Printer
1726 established printing business
Publisher of the New York Weekly Journal
William Cosby
Irish Soldier
1732 Cosby started term as British Governor in New York
Dictator-like; bribery, riggory, coward, thief
Removed Chief Judge Lewis Morris replaced by an allie of Cosby :
New York Weekly Journal
Criticized the governing of William Cosby
Cosby accused New York Weekly of seditious libel*
Two separate Grand juries held to review evidence; neither charged
Tries to censor the newspaper
Trial by information against Zenger(formal criminal charge)
Judge De Lancey
William Smith & James Alexander; dismissed
John Chamber
Andrew Hamilton
*Seditious libel: the action or crime of publishing a false statement that may cause people to rebel against the authority of a state of monarch

29. "I know, may it please your honour, the jury may do so; but I do likewise know they may do otherwise. I know they have the right, beyond all dispute, to determine both the law and the fact; and where they do not doubt the law, they ought to do so. This of leaving it to the judgment of the Court whether the words are libelous or not in effect renders juries useless (to say no worse) in many cases."
-Andrew Hamilton
Impact of Zenger’s win
Influenced decisions made for Bill of Rights and Constitution
People began thinking freedom of press was a right
Gave publishers sense of freedom when printing reviews
Inspired people's need for freedom, leading to war forty years later
Hamilton, the one who defended Zenger during his trial said this to the court talking about how they needed to excuse what the jury decides because they’re people and will let what they think be part of their verdict rather than their verdict being solely based on the law. In saying this, Hamilton is saying that people can say what they want and even though it may not be the right conclusion from a legal standpoint but people are entitled to the freedom to express themselves to the way they interpret things. Tying it back into the significance of the main point, the jury may have lacked respect to the actual law but, they have the right to express their opinion based on the “facts” presented in the court which may not but the result may not be the one intended result based on the law. Through this, Hamilton was calling the attention of the jury to the fact that Zenger was publishing truths about Cosby and that they weren’t lies that were meant to trick people. He was doing this because De Lancy was trying to make the jury decide whether Zenger published the articles and not about the actual context. Hamilton wanted to make sure that Zenger wasn’t going to get charged for the wrong thing just so Cosby could feel better about himself and the judge could go home.

30. Works Cited https://www.britannica.com/biography/John- Peter-Zenger
new-york/legal-history-eras-01/history-new- york-legal-eras-crown-zenger.html
675/C4EB7D3AD PQ/1?accountid=6 2
tree.ca/quote/andrew_hamilton_quote_8aa6
the-trial-of-john-peter-zenger.htm