1. MONDAY FEBRUARY 6TH, 2017 Continue Chapter 9 Toxicology
PAPERS DUE WEDNESDAY 2/15 AND THURSDAY 2/16
THE PEOPLE V. O.J. SIMPSON IS NOW ON NETFLIX
Taking Girl Scout Cookies Orders 5.00
“If you bite on everything they throw at you, they will grind you down. You have to ignore a certain amount of stuff”– Bill Murray
Happy National Frozen Yogurt Day
Fun Fact: A 30 second commercial cost 5.5 million during the Super Bowl

2. Drug Identification and Toxicology
CHAPTER 9
Drug Identification and Toxicology

3. INTRODUCTION Toxicology: study of poisons and identification of drugs
Examines the harmful effects of poisons and drugs on the body
Ways you can be exposed to drugs/toxins
Ingestion
Inhalation
Injection
Absorption through the skin

4. INTRODUCTION
Toxicity: degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury
Toxicity depends on
Dose: How much is ingested or absorbed
Duration: frequency and length of exposure
Nature of exposure: whether its ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin
Individual factors

5. INTRODUCTION
Forensic Toxicology: determines the cause-and-effect relationships between exposure to a drug or other substance and the toxic or lethal effects from that exposure
Toxic substances are classified how people are exposed to them
Intentionally: taken on purpose to treat an illness or pain
Accidentally: unintentional overdose or harmful combinations
Deliberately: taken purposely to commit suicide or exposing with the intent to harm or kill others

6. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1
Study of poisons and identification of drugs
A substance taken purposely to commit suicide
4 things toxicity depends on
4 ways you can be exposed to drugs
Toxins or drugs taken on purpose to cure an illness
Cause-and-effect relationships between exposure to a drug or other substance

7. MURDER BY POISON Less than .5% of all homicides result from poisoning
Accidental drug overdoses are more common
Commonly used poisons
Arsenic
Cyanide
Strychnine
Industrial chemicals

8. MURDER BY POISON
Toxicologist must distinguish between acute poisoning and chronic poisoning
Acute Poisoning: high dosage over a short period of time
Immediately produces symptoms
Example: Cyanide Ingestion or Inhalation
Chronic Poisoning: lower dosage over a long period of time
Symptoms show up gradually
Example: Mercury and lead poisoning

9. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
Controlled Substances: legal drugs whose sale, possession, and use are restricted because of the effect of the drugs and the potential for abuse.
Five classes of Controlled Substances
Hallucinogens
Narcotics
Stimulants
Anabolic Steroids
Depressants

10. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-HALLUCINOGENS
Hallucinogens are often derived from plants but can also be produced chemically
Affect the user’s perceptions, thinking, self-awareness and emotions
The effect and intensity of response to these drugs varies from person to person
Plant Hallucinogens: Peyote, Marijuana, Mushrooms
Chemical Hallucinogens: LSD, MDMA, PCP

11. Overdose Characteristics
Drug
Overdose Characteristics
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, kidney failure, death
Mescaline/Peyote
Hallucinations, dilated pupils, anxiety, irrationality of thoughts
LSD
loss of appetite, sleeplessness, increase in body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, hallucinations
PCP
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, possible death from heart failure.
Psychosis that can last for weeks

12. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-NARCOTICS
Narcotics act to reduce pain, can become very habit forming
Narcotics Include
Opium (heroin and codeine)
Painkillers
Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
Methadone
Morphine
Oxycodone

13. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-NARCOTICS
Drug
Overdose Characteristics
Opium
Difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, loss of consciousness, coma
Heroin
Codeine
Morphine
Coma, sleepiness, blue fingernails and lips, death
Methadone
Coma, low blood pressure, muscle twitches, blue fingernails and lips
Oxycodone
Seizures, dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness, coma, confusion

14. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 2
Act to reduce pain, can become very habit forming
Affect the user’s perceptions, thinking, self-awareness and emotions
High dosage over a short period of time
Commonly used poisons (4)
Lower dosage over a long period of time
Heroine, Opium, Morphine are examples of….

15. MONDAY FEBRUARY 6TH, 2017 Continue Chapter 9 Toxicology
PAPERS DUE WEDNESDAY 2/15 AND THURSDAY 2/16
THE PEOPLE V. O.J. SIMPSON IS NOW ON NETFLIX
Taking Girl Scout Cookies Orders 5.00
“If you bite on everything they throw at you, they will grind you down. You have to ignore a certain amount of stuff”– Bill Murray
Happy National Frozen Yogurt Day
Fun Fact: A 30 second commercial cost 5.5 million during the Super Bowl

16. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-STIMULANTS
Stimulants increase feelings of energy and alertness while suppressing appetite
As stimulants wear off it often leads to depression
Often used to boost endurance and productivity
Stimulants include
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines (more potent than amphetamines)
Cocaine
Crack
Stimulants tend to be highly addictive

17. Overdose Characteristics
Drug
Overdose Characteristics
Amphetamines (Speed)
High blood pressure, rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeats, stroke, seizures, coma, death
Cocaine/Crack
Dangerous rise in body temperature, seizures, irregular heartbeats, stroke, bleeding in the brain, death
Methamphetamines
Dangerous rise in body temperature, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, kidney failure, bleeding in the brain, death

18. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-ANABOLIC STEROIDS
Anabolic steroids promote cell and tissue growth, increasing bone mass and body muscle
Steroid are produced in a laboratory, have a chemical structure similar to testosterone
Popular with weightlifters, bodybuilders, athletes
Side Effects
Acne
High blood pressure
Blood clotting
Kidney and liver cancer
Heart attacks

19. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- DEPRESSANTS
Drugs which relieve anxiety and produce sleep
Depressants act on the Central Nervous System; increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter called GABA
Increased GABA production results in drowsiness and slowed brain activity
Side Effects
Slurred speech
Lose of coordination
State of intoxication similar to that of alcohol
An overdoes may cause slow heart rate, slow breathing, coma and death

20. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 3
Used to boost endurance and productivity
Drugs which relieve anxiety and produce sleep
Promote cell and tissue growth; often used by bodybuilders
Common Stimulants (4)
Side effects include; acne, high blood pressure, blood clotting
Increased GABA causes…
Causes a rise in body temperature, irregular heartbeats, stroke, bleeding in the brain and death
Dangerous rise in body temperature, seizures, irregular heartbeats, stroke, bleeding in the brain, death

21. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- ALCOHOLS
All alcohols are toxic to the body
Methanol: not directly poisonous, until it’s converted into formaldehyde in the liver
Ethanol: alcohol found in beverages
Pure ethanol is tasteless
Ethanol is converted into acetaldehyde then into acetic acid
To much acetaldehyde in the blood produces symptoms of dehydration, headache, nausea (aka hangover)
Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to liver problems

22. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BACTERIAL TOXINS
Botulism: most poisonous biological substance known to humans
Produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum
Paralyzes muscles
Causes irreversible damage to nerve endings
Extremely dangerous in small amounts
Ingested by eating contaminated food
Purified botulinum toxin (Botox) used to treat muscle spasms, headaches, excessive sweating
Also used as a cosmetic procedure

23. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BACTERIAL TOXINS
Tetanus: potentially dangerous central nervous system disease
Produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani
Blocks nerve signals from the spinal cord to the muscles
Muscle spasms can tear muscles and fracture bones
Tetanus is also known as Lockjaw
Spasms usually begin in the jaw and can interfere with breathing
Causes 1 million deaths a year worldwide
You can get vaccinated against the disease (AKA Tetanus Shot)

24. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- PESTICIDES
Pesticides: Toxic, can cause severe illness and death
Used for controlling insects, mice, weeds and viruses that threaten plants or food crops
Metals: extremely poisonous
Often used for suicide or homicide
Enter the body by ingestion, inhalation, or by absorption through the skin
Metals are stored in soft tissues of the body and damage many organs throughout the body
Examples: Arsenic, Lead, Mercury

25. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BIOTERRORISM AGENTS
Ricin: poisonous protein found in the castor bean
Lethal in extremely small amounts
Can enter the body in various ways
Inhaled as a mist or powder
Ingested as food or drink
Injected into the body
Enters the cells of the body, causing cell death
After enough cells in the body die; you die ☺
Can happen within a few hours

26. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BIOTERRORISM AGENTS
Anthrax
Caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis
Can be spread to humans from infected animals
Human to human transmission has not been reported
Can enter the body through
Inhalation: causing breathing problems that usually result in death
Ingestion: become fatal in 25%-60% of cases
Absorption via the skin

27. CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 4
This toxin is only transmitted animal to human, not human to human
Most poisonous biological substance known to humans
Blocks nerve signals from the spinal cord to the muscles; can cause muscles to be ripped off the bone
Lethal in extremely small amounts, toxin enters the cells and causes cell death
Examples include Mercury, Arsenic, Lead
Arsenic, Lead, Mercury