1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
ANATOMICAL POSITION: face front, palms up, thumbs out

3. Directional Terms
Superior : means the part is above another or closer to head (cranial ).
Inferior: means the part is below another or towards the feet (caudal).
Anterior: means towards the front (the eyes are anterior to the brain) –
Posterior: means toward the back (the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity) - [dorsal].
Medial : relates to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves (the nose is medial to the eyes).
Lateral: means to words the side with respect to the imaginary midline (the ears are lateral to the eyes).

4. Orientation and Directional Terms
Look at the hand-out now
Table 1.1

5. Directional Terms
Ipsilateral: the same side (the spleen and descending colon are ipsilateral ).
Contralateral : Refers to the opposite side (the spleen and gallbladder are contralateral ).
Proximal : is used to describe a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part (the elbow is proximal to the wrist).
Distal: it means that a particular body part is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part (fingers are distal to the wrist).
Superficial: means situated near the surface. Peripheral also means outward or near the surface.
Deep: is used to describe parts that are more internal .

6. Orientation and Directional Terms
Look at the hand-out: Table 1.1

7. Using Table 1.1
Before continuing, take a minute to check your understanding of what you have read in Table 1.1. Give the relationship between the following body parts using the correct anatomical terms.
The wrist is _________ to the hand.
The breastbone is _________ to the spine.
The brain is _________ to the spinal cord.
The thumb is _________ to the fingers. (Be careful here. Remember the anatomical position.)

8. Regional Terms Axial part : includes the head, neck, and trunk.
Appendicular part : Includes the limbs which are attached to the body's axis.

9. ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
• abdominal : anterior body trunk inferior to ribs • acromial : point of shoulder • antebrachial : forearm • antecubital : anterior surface of elbow • axillary : armpit • brachial): arm • buccal: cheek area • carpal: wrist

10. ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
• cervical : neck region • coxal : hip • crural : leg • deltoid : curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle • digital : fingers, toes • femoral : thigh • fibular : lateral part of leg • frontal : forehead

11. ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
• inguinal : area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
Nasal : nose area
• oral: mouth
• orbital : eye area
• patellar : anterior knee
• pelvic : area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
• pubic : genital region
• sternal: breastbone area
• tarsal : ankle region
• thoracic : chest
• umbilical : navel

12. ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
Label your diagram in pencil based on the descriptions you copied
Then we’ll check

13. POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS
calcaneal : heel of foot
cephalic : head
femoral: thigh
gluteal : buttock
lumbar : area of back between ribs and hips
occipital : posterior surface of head
olecranal : posterior surface of elbow
popliteal : posterior knee area
sacral : area between hips
scapular: shoulder blade region
sural : the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
vertebral : area of spine

14. Body Landmarks – label your figure
Posterior
Label your diagram in pencil based on the descriptions you copied
Then we’ll check

15. DORSAL BODY CAVITIES -
Body cavities - hollow spaces within the human body that contain internal organs.
The dorsal body cavity – located toward the back of the body. Divided into:
cranial cavity which holds the brain.
spinal cavity which holds the spinal cord

16. VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES
The ventral body cavity toward the front of the body, contains all the visceral organs within the chest and abdomen. Divided into:
The superior thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm .It contains the lungs, heart, and others
The mediastinum separates the lungs into right and left cavities. The mediastinum houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs.
abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs
pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.

17. Abdominal and Pelvic Body Cavities
Because the abdominopelvic cavity is quite large and contains many organs:
it helps to divide it up into smaller areas for study.
medical personnel divide this cavity into four more or less equal regions called quadrants.

18. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Divided into 4 quadrants:
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower

19. Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c

20. The umbilical region is the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)
The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region
The hypogastric (pubic) region is inferior to the umbilical region.
The right and left iliac, or inguinal, regions are lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone).

21. The right and left lumbar regions lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin)
The right and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs (chondro = cartilage).

22. Read the article on imaging and
Reading assignment
Read the article on imaging and
illuminating the body

23. Medical Imaging
Techniques that are essential for diagnosing a wide range of disorders .
Conventional radiography = X-rays pass through the body and expose on X- ray film, producing a negative image.
CT scans or CAT scans = X-rays pass through the body , tissues absorb small amounts of radiation depending on their densities , and the absorption is indicated on a monitor. Effective for tumor, kidney stones, gallstones, etc.

24. X-Rays CT scan through
anterior abdomen

25. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) = magnetism is applied to the human Body, and the response of atoms' nuclei in a tissue will produce a computerized image . Hydrogen ion nuclei is most popular .
Ultrasound (US) = high – frequency sound waves are applied to body. When sound waves make contact with an object, certain amount of sound bounces back and be detected as image called sonogram.

26. MRI Liver ultrasound with tumors

27. Body membranes
Body membranes – tissue linings of body cavities and coverings of internal organs.
parietal membrane lining of body cavity (e.g.parietal pleural membrane lines the pleural cavity )
visceral membrane covering of internal organ(e.g. visceral pleural membrane lines the surfaceof the lungs).

28. Body Planes Sagittal divides into
Left and Right Front & Back Top & Bottom
Mid-saggital into anterior & posterior superior & inferior
equal halves
Equal halves

29. Body Planes
mid-saggital frontal transverse