1. Section 2 – 3
Chemistry of Cells

2. Carbon Compounds
Other than water, your body is made up of carbon compounds
Carbon compounds are covalent bonded to other elements
Example:
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)

3. Carbon Compounds
There are 4 classes of Carbon Compounds found in living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

4. Carbohydrates
Are organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
Are a key source of energy
Found in fruits, vegetables, and grains
The building blocks of carbohydrates are simple sugars called, Monosaccharides

5. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides:
Example: Glucose C6H12O6 and Fructose
Disaccharides are double sugars (two Monosaccharides joined)
Example: Table sugar (glucose and fructose), and sucrose

6. Carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides are chains of three or more Monosaccharides
Is and example of a macromolecule
Example:
Starch and cellulose

7. Lipids Are nonpolar molecules that are NOT soluble in water
Are fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
Are the MOST important part of the structure and functioning of cell membranes

8. Lipids Phospholipids: Make up the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
Steroids
Include cholesterol
Pigments found in plants

9. Lipids Fats and Lipids: Store energy Example: Glycerol
Saturated fatty acids:
Are carbon atoms in the chain bonded to H atoms
Most animal fats; butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats
Are solid at room temperatures

10. Lipids Unsaturated Fatty Acids Linked by double covalent bonds
Found in plant oils, olive oil, fish oil, vegetable oils
Lipids that are liquid at room temperature

11. Proteins
Are large molecules formed by linked smaller molecules called Amino Acids
Amino Acids:
Are the building blocks of proteins
Are 20 different amino acids in proteins
Are both polar and nonpolar
Electrically and non-electrically charged

12. Proteins Proteins are enzymes and promote chemical reactions
Have important structural functions as well as defense

13. Proteins
Example 1: Collagen found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Example 2: Your hair, muscles and blood clotting fibers

14. Proteins Example 3: Antibodies help body defend against infection
Example 4: Specialized proteins make your muscles contract
Example 5: Proteins in blood called hemoglobin – carry oxygen from your lungs to body tissues

15. Nucleic Acids All cells contain nucleic acids Nucleic acid
Has three parts
Sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
See figure 11 on page 37

16. Nucleic Acids Two types of Nucleotides
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid: which consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other. Found in chromosomes and stores heredity

17. Nucleic Acids Two types of Nucleotides
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid; single strand of nucleotides.
Plays a key role in manufacturing proteins
Also acts as an Enzyme
Promoting chemical reactions that link amino acids to form proteins

18. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
Is a single nucleotide with two extra energy storing phosphate groups
Food molecules are broken down and ATP stores energy needed for cell function

19. Basal Metabolic Rate Male = 70kCal / Hr Female = 60 Kcal/ hr
Supply of Energy to be delivered by:
Carbs/protein = 4Kcal/ 1 gram of carb/protein
Fats = 9Kcale/gram of fat