1. Bioenergy

2. World Energy Prospects
Increase in
Population Energy demand
World populations is currently 6.7 b but it is predicted to reach 10 b by year So the question is, how can a world of 10 billion people be provided with adequate supplies of energy. During the same period of time our energy demand will increase by 63 to 160 %.
60%
63-160%
Source:
CIA's The World Factbook
World POPClock Projection, U.S. Census Bureau
Energy Sources, 26: ,2004

3. Why a Crisis? Continued increase in consumption of fuels. Pollution
Climate change
Resource depletion
But in regards to energy the gap between demand and supply of energy is not the only concern that that we have. Concerns over : resource depletion, pollution and climate change.
Here’s a little video that will put into perspective why we need
more and more energy all the time:

4. Why Do We Need Energy? Energy produces light. Energy produces heat.
Energy produces motion.
Energy produces sound.
Energy produces growth.
Energy powers technology.

5. Measuring Thermal Energy
The energy contained in gasoline, wood, or other energy sources can be measured by the amount of Btu’s it can produce.
A Btu (British thermal unit) is the amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
A wooden match, if allowed to burn completely, would give off about one Btu of energy.
One ounce of gasoline contains almost 1,000 Btu’s of energy.
Every day, the average American uses about 890,000 Btu’s.

6. Measuring Electrical Energy
Volts—the pressure that pushes electrons through a circuit. It measures the strength of the current.
Current—electrons flowing between two points, measured in amps.
Amps—One amp, or ampere, is 6.25 x 1018 electrons per second passing through a circuit.
Watt—A watt is a standard unit of power. For electrical power, one watt is equal to one ampere of current per second. A kilowatt is a thousand watts.
A 100 watt bulb left on 24 hours a day for a year will use 876 kW.
Ohms—An ohm is a unit of electrical resistance.
Kilowatt hour--One kilowatt hour is the amount of energy that would be used by a device with a power of 1 kilowatt which was left to operate for 1 hour.

7. Alternatives to Fossil Fuels
Wind
Solar
Hydro
Dams for electricity
Hydrogen from water as fuel
Nuclear
Biofuels from biomass
Geothermal

8. What Is Biomass?
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material.

9. Current Bio Sources Used for Energy
Corn
Canola
Sorghum (milo, cane)
Grasses
Waste materials from crops
Algae
Manure
Garbage

10. What in Biomass Is Used for Energy?
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Includes sugars and starches and cellulose
Carbs already have O2 bonds so it doesn’t release as much energy as broken bonds of hydrocarbons
Lipids
aka “fats”
Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen chains (long molecular bonds)
C-H bonds are more difficult to break, thus releasing more energy when they do. That’s why we like fossil fuels!
Proteins
Proteins are not commonly used for energy
They do not burn well and convert to toxic chemicals when combusted.

11. Renewable Energy Sources
Alternate sources of feedstock are needed to supplement the looming imbalance between supply and demand of fossil-based feedstocks. Renewable energy source could provide adequate supplies of clean, safe and sustainable energy. At 47 percent of renewable energy consumption, biomass is the single largest renewable energy resource. Therefore there is a strict need for development of new technologies that can make biomass resources accessible to supply this increasing demand.
Summary of energy resources consumption in United States, 2004
It is estimated by 2030 bio-energy will be 15-20%
of our energy consumption
Source: USDA-DOE, 2005,

19. Global Biomass Energy Flows

22. Carbon Lifecycle

23. Overview Bioenergy history Ag wastes and other biomass
Biomass to Bioenergy
Conversion processes
Pros & Cons
Applications
Biofuels
Bioheat
Bioelectricity

24. Some U.S. Bioenergy History
Bioenergy is not new!
1850s: Ethanol used for lighting ( kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ethanol.html#motorfuel)
1860s-1906: Ethanol tax enacted (making it no longer competitive with kerosene (a fossil fuel for lights)
1896: 1st ethanol-fueled automobile, the Ford Quadricycle (

25. More Bioenergy History
(photo from
1908: 1st flex-fuel car, the Ford Model T
: Prohibition banned ethanol unless mixed with petroleum
WWI and WWII: Ethanol used due to high oil costs
Early 1960s: Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol industrial fermentation discontinued in US
Today, about 110 new U.S. ethanol refineries in operation and 75 more planned

26. Ag wastes and other biomass
Waste Biomass
Crop and forestry residues, animal manure, food processing waste, yard waste, municipal and C&D solid wastes, sewage, industrial waste
New Biomass: (Terrestrial & Aquatic)
Solar energy and CO2 converted via photosynthesis to organic compounds
Conventionally harvested for food, feed, fiber, & construction materials

27. Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
Crop residues
Animal manures
Food / feed processing residues
Logging residues (harvesting and clearing)
Wood processing mill residues
Paper & pulping waste slurries

28. Municipal garbage & other landfilled wastes
Municipal Solid Waste
Landfill gas-to-energy
Pre- and post-consumer residues
Urban wood residues
Construction & Demolition wastes
Tree trimmings
Yard waste
Packaging
Discarded furniture

29. Biomass to Bioenergy
Biomass: renewable energy sources coming from biological material such as plants, animals, microorganisms and municipal wastes
Does Oil consider Biomass? No, cause it is not reneable.

30. Bioenergy Types Biofuels Bioheat Bioelectricity Liquids Gases
Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol, Biodiesel
Gases
Methane, Hydrogen
Bioheat
Wood burning
Bioelectricity
Combustion in Boiler to Turbine
Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)

31. Advantages of Biomass  
Widespread availability in many parts of the world
Contribution to the security of energy supplies
Generally low fuel cost compared with fossil fuels
Biomass as a resource can be stored in large amounts, and bioenergy produced on demand
Creation of stable jobs, especially in rural areas
Developing technologies and knowledge base offers opportunities for technology exports
Carbon dioxide mitigation and other emission reductions (SOx, etc.)
Bioenergy has many advantages as well as drawbacks that must be considered in order to ensure efficient implementation.

32. Environmental Benefits

33. Drawbacks of Biomass Generally low energy content
Competition for the resource with food, feed, and material applications like particle board or paper
Generally higher investment costs for conversion into final energy in comparison with fossil alternatives
Talk about: as business and industry are taking more interest in producing renewable energy from biomass, the demand for new technical and design skills is increasing. And it’s on the universities and colleges to meet this demand by training engineers and scientists expert in areas related to bioenergy. Just to give an example I am doing a search on the web about the amount of federal investment on bioenergy and thought I would share it with you: I googled “USDA DOE” which are the main federal agencies supporting “biomass research” in “Google News”… and see what came first:
Then I just did “Biomass Research” and look at the 4th link: Ohio 3rd frontier commission has announced “$12 MILLION FOR ADVANCED ENERGY GRANTS” … just $12 million in Ohio… and the share of the Ohio Sate Univ. is: $1.5 million 12.5% of the total budget… and this is just a small portion of the entire funding allocated for biomass and bioenergy research.
I also, searched “Renewable Energy” and see what came first: in “The New York Times” published just today “ Majoring in Renewable Energy” the article reports on development of “degree programs” in univ. and colleges nation-wide to meet the demand of the market for training students in these areas. Oregon institute of technology offering the country's first 4-year undergraduate degree in “renewable-energy systems”…
And other universities such as stand ford, Illinois State Univ. and even some community colleges…
Our offering of this course “Biomass to Bioenergy” is the basically the Fist step here at OSU to go toward that goal of supply the demand of the market ….
With that introduction if you do not have a question I would like to briefly go over the course outline to give you an idea of what you will be learning and what we will be discussing in this class. For that I have put together a “Biomass-to-Bioenergy Routes” that summaries the class…

34. Applications

35. Biofuel Applications: Liquids
Ethanol and Butanol: can be used in gasoline engines either at low blends (up to 10%), in high blends in Flexible Fuel Vehicles or in pure form in adapted engines
Biodiesel: can be used, both blended with fossil diesel and in pure form. Its acceptance by car manufacturers is growing
Biodiesel Use in blends below 5% does not require any modification of the engine. Some minor modifications might be necessary when using biodiesel at 100%.
Biogas from anaerobic digestion is mainly used on site for cogeneration applications. The solid and liquid residues from the process are often used as fertilisers on farm land. 

36. Process for cellulosic ethanol (ethanol made from cellulose, the fibrous material in plants)

37. References
Ezeji, T., N. Qureshi, H.P. Blaschek Butanol production from agricultural residues: Impact of degradation products on Clostridum beijerinckii growth and butanol fermentation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97,
Jeanty, P.W., D. Warren, and F. Hitzhusen Assessing Ohio’s biomass resources for energy potential using GIS. OSU Dept of Ag, Env., and Development Economics, for Ohio Dept of Development.
Klass, Donald L Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals. Academic Press. ISBN:
Perlack et al Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply. USDOE-USDA.
Rabaey, K., Verstraete, W Microbial fuel cells: Novel biotechnology for energy generation. Trends. Biotechnol. 23:
Rismani-Yazdi, H., Christy, A. D., Dehority, B.A., Morrison, M., Yu, Z. and Tuovinen, O. H Electricity generation from cellulose by rumen microorganisms in microbial fuel cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 97,
Skrinak, N OSU Microbial Fuel Cell Learning Center <
USDOE Biomass Program. ABCs of Biofuels < Accessed April 2008.