1. Chapter 5 Civil Rights
Minorities have always struggled for civil rights in America.
Question:
Which branch of government should be accountable for making America equal?

2. America and Civil Rights
By 1840
Half of population in South is slave
There is no way the South is giving up their means of production!
Civil Rights begins in the North
William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist who wrote in paper about necessity of “fulfilling our Founding Father’s dreams”…

3. What to do with slaves?
Former slaves became spoken advocates for freedom of all blacks!
2 Ways to Do This:
Frederick Douglass
Wanted a free diverse America
Worth fighting for!
Liberia?
Colony set up in Africa for freed slaves by Congress
Goal: Get blacks out of America!

4. What about other minorities?
July 1848
Women want rights as well…
So they hold a convention to discuss issues
Called Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Advocate for women’s suffrage
But would take any rights they could…
Oct., 1848
NY restores right of women to own property

5. The States Try to Fix These Issues By Themselves
1860
Able Lincoln gets elected
South secedes and begins the Civil War
1863
Pres. Lincoln frees all slaves in rebellious states
Done by executive order as Commander in Chief
Congress can not stop this!

6. Civil War Ends…now what?
Congress wants to ensure this never happens again!
How?
Write it in the Constitution!
13th Amendment (1865)
Abolished slavery
14th Amendment (1868)
Guarantees equal protection of law to all
15th Amendment (1870)
Guarantees voting rights to blacks
Does this ensure equality?
Think:
What about women?
How do you enforce this if government is full of white people?

7. Jim Crow leads to Plessy vs. Ferguson
By 1877
End of Ind. Revolution
Jim Crow laws were in full affect
System of inequality in the South set up to keep blacks inferior
1896
S. Ct rules in favor of Jim Crow
Plessy v. Ferguson
“separate but equal”
Blacks and whites are to be segregated by law if necessary!
How can we fix this?
Congress?
President?

8. The People Fight for Their Own Rights
Citizens begin to organize to advocate civil rights
1909
Natl. Assoc. For Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Established by whites and blacks for equality
1917
Natl. American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)
Had 2 million members!
1920
19th Amendment
Grants women right to vote

9. Supreme Court Forces Blacks and Whites To Live and Learn Together
1948
Shelley v. Kraemer
S. Ct ruled that house sales can no longer be segregated by contract!
1954
Brown v. Board
S. Ct ruled states can no longer discriminate based on race
Specifically in public utilities
Ends “de jure” laws
Such as “Separate but Equal”
Question: How do you enforce Brown v. Board in America?
Therefore, segregation becomes de facto
De facto = by fact
This is why segregation in schools still exists…

10. Brown v. Board leads to all sorts of problems…

11. Brown v. Board leads to all sorts of problems…

12. Brown v. Board leads to all sorts of problems…

13. Finally, a voice is heard above the rest…
1963
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Gives a speech in Washington, D.C.
Asks for America to dream of equality
Brought a million friends with him…
Pres. Kennedy is in favor of signing executive order ensuring Civil Rights
Why does this not happen in 1963?

14. Resistance to change is strong JFK is shot and killed in Dallas, TX Nov. 1963

15. New POTUS Lyndon B. Johnson refuses to stop fighting
Signs Civil Rights Act of 1964
Declared all discrimination based on race by private employers and state governments illegal
Also established agencies to enforce the new laws
Dept. of Justice had power to arrest and detain all who failed to uphold the new law

16. How did Civil Rights help equality?
Public Accommodations
No more “colored” items:
Restaurants
Bathrooms
Water fountains
Theatres
School Desegregation
No more segregation based on neighborhoods
Birth of “open enrollment”
Government must provide busing!
Or reimburse parents

17. Civil Rights Act of 1964 doesn’t fix everything…
Pres. LBJ wanted to do more for minorities
Felt that making laws was not enough!
Wanted to ensure that minorities got a fair shot at equality!
End of 1960’s
LBJ passed multiple executive orders obligation federal government to hire minorities
Affirmative action
Programs that provide members of certain minority groups access to opportunities previously kept from them:
Educational
Employment

18. Debate: Is Affirmative Action Still Needed?