1. Genetic Engineering

2. Human Genome Project A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA
Project began in 1990; Completed in 2003
Coordinated by National Institutes of Health (NIH) & U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

3. What is the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
Goals of HGP
Reading and determining the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome.
Locating and identifying all genes in the human genome which there is about 30,000
Storing information into databases that are accessible to the public
Analyzing and addressing ethical, legal, & social issues involved in using this information

4. Benefits of the Human Genome Project
We have located many diseased genes and genetic tests have been created.
Researching bacteria genomes furthered research for fuel & environmental clean-up
Improved technology for DNA forensic science
Other sequences completed for E. coli, yeast, simple round worm, fruit fly, rat & chimpanzee (model organisms for studying how similar genes work in humans.)
Maps of chromosomes # 13 & # 17; show the location of BRCA 2 & BRCA 1 – breast cancer genes.

5. DNA Fingerprinting/Electrophoresis
DNA fingerprinting: tool used by forensics scientists to identify a person using DNA.
How it Works:
A sample of the person’s DNA is taken from blood, semen, bone, or hair.
DNA fragments are cut – Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences. Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments.

6. Electrophoresis DNA fragments are separated based on size and charge.
Phosphate groups are negatively charged
DNA is placed into a gel & connected to an electric current
DNA moves through the gel toward + pole; shortest lengths move the fastest & longest lengths move the slowest.
A characteristic banding pattern is produced and a photograph is taken
The banding pattern is unique for each person – thus called a DNA fingerprint

7. Electrophoresis

8. Electrophoresis

9. Was any of the victims blood on the defendants clothing?
DNA Fingerprints
Used as
evidence in
court cases
Was any of the victims blood on the defendants clothing?
Which dog was probably the culprit (dog that bit the person)?

10. How Cloning Occurs in Nature
1. Clone: an organism that is genetically identical to another organism
All of the genes are the same (identical)
2. Examples of cloning that occurs in nature
Reproduction in bacteria & sponges (asexual)
Identical twins are natural clones

12. Bacteria and Plant Cloning is Easy
Cloning of transgenic bacteria creates many “living factories” used to make insulin & other drugs
2. Cloning of transgenic plants to insure genetics are intact for the next generation.
Bacteria that contain genes for digesting oil can be used to clean up oil spills.

13. Animal Cloning is difficult and controversial
Dolly: First cloned animal
Also called Reproductive Cloning

14. What are Stem Cells & Why Do Scientists Want Them?
Stem cells: (link) undefined cells that reproduce continuously & can develop into any type of cells or tissues
2. The hope is to be able to produce tissue & organs for transplants
Stem cell technology can help those who wait for organ transplants.

15. Where do we get Stem Cells?
Embryonic Stem cells are most easily obtained from embryos and umbilical cords. (work best) They are pluripotent.
Adult Stem cells are found in bone marrow and skin.