1. Bellwork - 2 songs
“Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces, I would still plant my apple tree.”
Martin Luther
What do you think Martin Luther was trying to say? (Yes, you do have to write all of this.)

2. 7.54
Explain the significance of the causes for the internal turmoil within and eventual weakening of the Catholic Church including tax policies, selling of indulgences, and England’s break with the Catholic Church.

3. Martin Luther
Martin Luthe,r by Lucas Cranach the Elder; source:

4. Who was Martin Luther? Born in Germany in 1483.
After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk.
Lived in the city of Wittenberg.
Died in 1546.
Market square in modern Wittenberg; source:

5. To express strong objection To improve by correcting errors
Definitions
Protest
To express strong objection
Reform
To improve by correcting errors

6. Problems in the Church
Corruption
Political Conflicts

7. Corruption
The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences.
Woodcut of the pope selling indulgences, from Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist. Source:
Plenary indulgence; inscription on the left transept of the Basilica of St. John Lateran, Rome. © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons. Source:

8. Indulgences
“An indulgence was the remission of the temporal penalty due to forgiven sin, in virtue of the merits of Christ and the saints. It exempted either the bearer, or a dead friend or relative of the bearer, from the punishment associated with the sin. “
In other words: people could buy forgiveness and a ticket to heaven by handing over money to the Church.

9. Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven!
Do not go to Purgatory!
Get through Purgatory faster!
Do not pass Go!

10. Simony
Another way of making money was the practice of selling positions of authority in the Church. This widespread practice was known as simony. Some people bought multiple Church offices, and used these positions as a source of income.

11. Political Conflict KINGS AND QUEENS POPES
King Philip IV of France (ruled 1285 – 1314); source:
Pope Urban VI (reigned 1378 – 1389); source:

12. Papal Schism In 1301, King Philip IV tried to tax the French clergy.
Avignon
Rome
In 1301, King Philip IV tried to tax the French clergy.
The pope threatened to excommunicate the king so the king kidnapped the pope! He was later released.
The next pope, Clement V, moved the headquarters of the Church from Rome to Avignon in southern France where it remained for the next 70 years.
Many people felt that the French kings controlled the Church.
Rome and the Tiber river, photo by Dana M. Johnson; source:
Avignon; photo by Jean-Marc Rosier; source:

13. Three Popes!
The next six popes lived in Avignon. Pope Gregory then moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377.
When Gregory died, the French cardinals did not like the new pope in Rome, so they elected a different pope in Avignon.
Later, a Church council elected a third pope.
Coronation of Benedict XIII (reigned 1394 – 1423); source:
Pope Gregory XII (reigned ); source:
Pope Alexander V (reigned ); source:

14. Calls for Reform John Wycliffe (1330-1384)
Questioned the authority of the pope
Jan Hus ( )
Criticized the vast wealth of the Church
Desiderius Erasmus ( )
Attacked corruption in the Church
John Wycliffe, © John M. Kennedy; source:
Jan Hus at the stake; source:
Erasmus by Hans Holbein the Younger; source:

15. But there were none like Martin Luther!

16. Martin Luther
Many things helped to fuel the fire of the reformation but it was a monk, Martin Luther, who in 1519 lit the first match.
The movement began in Wittenberg, a city in the German-speaking region known as Saxony.
There, Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the cathedral door.
For the church, the way to salvation was by following the practices and rituals of Catholicism.
For Luther, salvation came through faith in Christ and belief in the truth of the Bible. Luther’s argument became knows as “justification of faith.”

17. Protestant Teaching: Justification by Faith Alone
The Bible is the only source of truth.
People can read and understand the Bible themselves.
Salvation comes only through faith in Christ.
Luther’s Bible; source:
Luther’s Bible

18. The Movement Spreads throughout Europe
When the pope, Leo X, issued a directive condemning Luther’s ideas, Luther publicly set fire to the document.
Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and a loyal Catholic, ordered Luther to recant. Luther refused, and the fire continued to spread.
Luther’s opposition to the Church became a focus for others throughout Europe. Those who were unhappy with the Church for their own reasons rallied behind Luther.
For many, Luther’s revolt provided an opportunity to break with the Church and reject the authority of Rome.
Within a short time religious uprisings and wars erupted across the continent.

19. Excommunication Luther was brought before the Diet of Worms.
In January 1521, Luther was excommunicated from the Church.
Luther before the Diet of Worms; source:

20. The Printing Press
Luther’s ideas spread quickly with the help of the printing press.
Luther’s supporters distributed copies of his speeches and essays far and wide.
Millions of people sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic Church.
Printing press; source:

21. A New Church Luther soon had many followers.
His supporters began to organize a new Christian denomination.
Several German princes supported Luther.
Lutherans and Catholics fought each other.
The first wars ended with the Treaty of Augsburg, but fighting in Europe over religion continued to the mid-seventeenth century.
Saint Bartholomew’s
Day massacre
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, by François Dubois; source:

22. Lutheranism
Luther’s followers disagreed with many of the teachings of the Catholic Church.
They rejected the authority of Church councils and the pope.
Reading the Bible was the only way to learn how to lead a good life.
Luther translated
the Bible into
German
Luther’s Bible; source:

23. The Reformation spread to other countries.
France and Switzerland:
John Calvin preached the idea of “predestination” and that some people had been chosen by God for salvation.
England:
King Henry VIII refused to recognize the Roman Catholic Church and started a new church, the Church of England.
John Calvin; engraving by René Boyvin; source:
Henry VIII (ruled 1509 – 1547) by Hans Holbein the Younger; source:

24. Protestant = Christian

25. The End

26. Additional Slide
Not for notes

27. In Germany, Luther looked to sympathetic German princes for support, and some came to his defense, sheltering him from Charles V.
Lutheranism continued to grow, often in the face of fierce opposition from the Catholic clergy.
Fighting between Catholics and Protestants continued during the rest of Luther’s lifetime.
Nine years after his death, Charles V agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, recognizing the practices of Luther’s new Church, even though religious wars continued in Europe for more than a century.
One change was permanent: even though the Roman Catholic Church continued to thrive in much of the subcontinent, it never again spoke for all Western European Christians