1. Genetic factors that affect developmentB2

2. Are we born predisposed to be criminals?

3. Genetic predisposition
Inherited genes that determine physical growth, development, health and appearance.
It is a possibility that you inherit a condition from one or both of your parents. Some are rarer than others, but can have serious consequences.

4. Cystic fibrosis https://youtu.be/QEuMgrE4JR8
4% of the population carry this gene.
Gene is recessive.
If both parents carry the gene there is a 1 in 4 chance of the child getting the condition.
The defective gene causes the lungs to be clogged with sticky mucus.
Problems absorbing nutrients from food.
More likely to have chest infections.
In the past, life expectancy was short, but advances in medicine have increased it to 54 years old.
Daily physiotherapy is required to reduce the sticky mucus.
Symptoms: recurring chest infections, coughing, wheezing, problems with weight gain, diarrhoea.

5. Brittle bone disease https://youtu.be/6b7cWvMlw8Y
May be passed from a parent, or can result from a gene mutation.
High risk of fracturing and breaking bones as they do not have the right amount of the protein called collagen.
There are different types of the disease, with some more serious than others.

6. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Prevents a child from breaking down phenylalanine (a building block for protein) found in foods like milk, meat and eggs.
If children eat these foods there is a build-up of harmful substances and this can damage brain development.
All babies are screened for PKU in the heel-prick test. If a high phenylalanine level is found, a special diet and medication is started immediately.
A baby born with undetected PKU will fail to meet milestones and have developmental delays, or even severe learning disability/death.

7. Huntington’s Disease https://youtu.be/MRZoM5L5dak
Often develops between 35 and 55.
Inherited neurodegenerative genetic disorder.
It affects muscle coordination and can cause mental decline and behavioural changes.
The brain damage worsens over time, with perception, thinking, awareness and judgement affected.

8. Klinefelter (XXY) Syndrome
1 in 600 boys affected born with XXY syndrome.
The extra X chromosome develops after conception and it is not inherited.
Symptoms often go unnoticed, the baby will often miss milestones of walking, crawling etc.
Baby may be born with undescended testicles.
Poor muscle power, delayed communication and passive personality may be signs. Difficulty socialising and expressing feelings can impact on emotional development, as well as lower self confidence.
Low attention span, difficulty with literacy skills, low energy levels, extra growth spurts.
Onset of puberty not affected.
Lack of testosterone leads to flabby body, low muscle tone, lack of calcium in bones, small firm testicles, small penis and lack of body hair.

9. Down’s syndrome https://youtu.be/q63gkzaQzD0 Extra chromosome 21.
Varying levels of learning disability can result.
Each year 750 babies in the UK born with Down’s syndrome, 60,000 people live in the UK with the condition.
Majority of cases it is not inherited. The risk is higher for older women (aged 45+ the risk is 1 in 50; but a 20 year old is 1 in 1500).
Life expectancy of years.
High rates of depression and hearing, visual and heart conditions are more common.
Improved health and social support and education means young people with Down’s can live independently, form relationships and gain employment.

10. Colour blindness https://youtu.be/FKSOe5NK_qQ
True colour blindness is very rare (i.e. when an individual has no perception of colour at all).
Colour vision deficiency, where individuals have difficulty distinguishing colours affects 2.7 million people in Britain, about 4.5% of the population, and this is mostly men.
The condition, for most, is genetic. It is due to abnormality in the retina. Others may experience the condition due to diabetes or multiple sclerosis.
The condition does not affect people in the long term, but health and social care providers should consider the colour schemes when printing information.

11. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
The muscles gradually weaken, caused by changes in the genes responsible for the structure and functioning of muscles. This causes changes in the muscle fibres that interfere with their ability to function.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and severe form of the dystrophies. It is inherited on the female gene and passed only to male offspring.
1 in 3500 boys in the UK have the condition.
About 2500 boys in the UK live with the condition at any one time.
It is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome, preventing the body from producing a vital muscle protein (dystrophin) which is essential for building and repairing muscles.
The muscle weakness is not noticeable at birth and is normally diagnosed at age 5. By 12 he would need a wheelchair.
Muscle weakness normally occurs in the trunk of the body around the hips and shoulders. Fine motor skills are less affected than gross motor skills.
In the late teens many young men face severe health problems, as the muscles of the heart and lungs weaken.
Many young men are able to lead active lives with this disabling condition, however survival beyond 30 years old is rare.
Research and medical advances are increasing, and life expectancy is beginning to improve.

12. Susceptibility to disease
An increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individual's genetic make-up.

13. Cancer There are over 200 types of cancer.
Cancer is a cell disease that results in them becoming abnormal and dividing to make more abnormal cells.
Most cancers are attributed to environmental and lifestyle factors. It is predicted that 40% of cancers can be prevented by making lifestyle changes.
Find out more from the site above.

14. Diabetes
Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a person's blood sugar level to become too high.
Approximately 1 in 16 people have it.
The hormone insulin – produced by the pancreas – is responsible for controlling the amount of glucose in the blood.
There are two main types of diabetes:
type 1 – where the pancreas doesn't produce any insulin. There is a strong genetic predisposition if both parents have the disease.
type 2 – where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the body's cells don't react to insulin. The risk is almost 90% if your identical twin has diabetes.

15. High blood cholesterol
Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is carried around the blood by proteins.
Too much of this can build up in the artery walls and lead to cardiovascular and heart disease.
Lifestyle factors such as an unhealthy diet, smoking or a lack of exercise increase the chance of high cholesterol.
High cholesterol also runs in families, called familial hypercholesterolaemia.
In the UK 1 in 600 people have this condition, caused by a gene alteration from a parent, people are born with it and undetected can lead to heart conditions.

16. Biological factors that affect development

17. Foetal alcohol syndrome
Mothers may give birth to babies with foetal alcohol syndrome.
Developmental and physical defects can have lifelong effects.
They tend to be smaller, and to have smaller heads than normal caused by poor brain development.
The child may have heart defects, learning difficulties, and neurological problems.

18. Maternal infections during pregnancy
Rubella can be dangerous in the first month of pregnancy, it can lead to impaired hearing or eyesight, or a damaged heart.
CMV is a common virus belonging to the herpes family. Most people are exposed to CMV at some point in life, but most have no noticeable symptoms. It spreads via bodily fluids. If the pregnant woman has an active infection it can spread to the foetus as congenital CMV. 1 or 2 in 200 babies are born with CMV and around 13% of these are born with symptoms such as deafness or learning difficulties. 14% will develop symptoms later on.

19. Lifestyle/diet during pregnancy
Babies are affected by what the mother eats during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Babies born to mothers who eat a diet high in sugar and fat can result in an increased risk of high cholesterol and heart disease later in life.
Pregnant women should eat a diet high in fruit and vegetables, plenty of starchy foods, and protein in the form of lean meat, chicken and fish.
Women should avoid high caffeine and any alcohol which can result in low birth weight.

20. Congenital defects (present at birth)
These are the most common cause of childhood chronic illness, disability and death.
9 in 1000 children in the UK are born with congenital defects.
The most common of these are heart defects, neural tube defects, and Down’s Syndrome.
Congenital defects may be genetic, but other factors can also be responsible:
Socio-economic factors: lack of nutrition in pregnancy
Environmental factors: pollution, exposure to chemicals; tobacco, alcohol and drugs in pregnancy
Infectious diseases (during pregnancy): syphilis and rubella

21. Kahoot!
&deviceId=0a0312dd-a6cf-41d1-ae4f- a858b1b3d955R#quiz/150bfb3d-c3f7-4f6c a76e83bf8c