1. Eastern City States and Southern Empires

2. From 1000 to 1500, East African city-states and southern African empires gained wealth and power through trade.
Zimbabwe and cities like Mogadishu and Mombasa have their roots in this time period.

3. East Coast Trade Cities
Trade builds east coast cities
Seaports built on coast trade with Arabia, Persia, and India
Swahili
As trade grew, new languages arise
Blending of Arab and Bantu
By 1300, more than 35 trading cities along coast grow wealthy

4. Africans Trade the Raw Materials to Asia
Rhinoceros horns
Ivory
Tortoise shell
Leopard Skins
Ambergris (whale waste)

5. Asia Trades Manufactured Goods to Africa

6. Trade Goods Asia Africa Bring manufactured goods to Africa
Examples
Porcelain bowls from China, jewels, cotton cloth
Africa
Sell raw materials to Asia
Examples
Ivory (chess pcs, sword), tortoiseshells (combs), leopard skins (saddles), gold (coins, jewelry)

7. The City-State of Kilwa
“…one of the most beautiful cities in the world.” -Ibn Battuta
Muslim state
Houses of stone & coral
Wealthiest & powerful coastal city-state

8. Kilwa
Grew rich b/c it was as far south on the coast as a ship could sail in one monsoon season
1200’s seized port of Sofala (gold trade)
Gave control of gold trade from southern Africa

9. Portuguese Conquest
Starting in 1488, Portuguese conquer Kilwa, Mombasa, and Sofala
Used heavy ships’ guns
Burned parts of Kilwa & built forts
Portuguese remain a presence for the next 200 years

10. Islamic Influences
Muslim merchants spread Islam as they trade on eastern coast
Most cities governed by a Muslim sultan and officials
Most people in the region follow traditional religions

11. Enslavement of Africans
Enslaved Africans sold in Arabia, Persia, and India
Employed as soldiers in India, worked on docks & ships, servants in China
Trade in slaves fairly small, though steady
1300s some slaves shipped to Europe
Increases drastically in the 1700s when Europeans sent slaves to colonial plantations

12. Southern Africa and Great Zimbabwe
Gold and ivory helped the coastal city-states grow rich
Came from interior of Africa
City: Great Zimbabwe built on gold trade

13. Great Zimbabwe
Shona farm and raise cattle between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers
After 1000, Great Zimbabwe controls gold trade routes linking the inland gold fields to coastal trading city, Sofala
Leaders gain wealth by taxing traders, chiefs
Abandoned by 1450 for unknown reasons
Overgrazing by cattle
Farming worn out soil
Used up salt and timber resources

14. Ruins of Great Zimbabwe
Ruins of Great Zimbabwe discovered in 1871
“Zimbabwe” means “stone enclosure”
The Great Enclosure is a massive curving wall up to 36’ high and 15’thick
Walls not used for defense b/c no way for soldiers to climb to top
Walls contain 900,000 stone blocks
Blocks held together w/out mortar
Cone-shaped tower
Built to impress visitors

15. Mutapa Empire
Mutota—a man (according to oral tradition) who leaves Great Zimbabwe to find a new source of salt and founds a new state
Mutota’s army dominates northern Shona people, who pay him tribute

16. Mutapa Rulers
The northern Shona call their rulers mwene mutapa or “conqueror”
Mutapa—name for African empire that conquers Zimbabwe
By 1480 Matope, Mutota’s son held large area inland and along coast
Gained wealth by mining gold

17. Decline of Mutapa Empire
In the 1500s, the Portuguese try to conquer empire
When they failed, they tried to interfere in Mutapa politics by helping to overthrow one ruler and replace him with one they could control
Beginning of European interference in Africa