1. The Age of Jackson
Politics of the People

2. The Election of 1824 Four people ran
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
William Crawford
Jackson won the popular vote, but he did not have a majority of the electoral votes
According to the Constitution, the House would decide the winner

3. The Election of 1824
Henry Clay supported Adams & the House voted Adams into the presidency
John Quincy Adams-6th President
“Corrupt bargain”—Jackson supporters claimed Adams made a deal w/ Clay and that’s why he won the presidency.
The deal was: J.Q. Adams appoints Henry Clay his Secretary of State

4. Democratic-Republican Party Splits
Democrats
Jackson supporters
“common man”
National Republicans
Adams supporters
Wealthy easterners

5. Election of 1828 Adams against Jackson
Jackson promoted a govt that looked out for the common man & majority rule
Suffrage extended to all adult white males
Jackson won ( electoral votes)

6. The People’s President
Read the section on page 355 called “The People’s President”
Write down six facts about Jackson’s life that might have contributed to the idea that Jackson was the “People’s President”
Look at images and listen to songs

7. New Political Era Jackson promised to reform the government
Replaced many govt officials w/ his supporters
Spoils System
Giving govt jobs to political backers
Kitchen cabinet unofficial group of Jackson supporters who became Jackson’s informal advisors

8. Issues Jackson Faced The status of Native Americans
The rights of states
The Bank of the United States

9. Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans
The Age of Jackson
Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

10. Whites’ Attitudes Toward Indians
Some hoped they would adapt to their way of life
Some hoped they would move
Some felt they were “uncivilized”

11. The Cherokee Nation They had adopted white customs
Owned farms, cattle ranches, and slaves
Sequoya developed a written language
Created a constitution based on the U.S. Constitution
Gold was discovered on their land
Told by Jackson could move into Western territories west of Mississippi River

12. Jackson’s Removal Policy
Jackson thought they had two options
Could adapt to white ways or move
Could not have their own government w/in the nation’s borders
When white people started to take Cherokee lands for the gold, Jackson did not support the Indians even when the Supreme Court ruled they had a right to their land

13. Native Americans Resistance
They challenged the law in US Courts
They fought wars against the US government
They left sometimes and then returned

14. Indian Removal Act-1830
Called for the govt to negotiate treaties that would require Indians to relocate west
Jackson’s letter to the Creeks—persuading them to move willingly

15. Trail of Tears Whites began to invade Indian land
Felt as though they had no other choice
Signed treaties to give up their land
Moved to Indian Territory in what is today Oklahoma, Kansas, & Nebraska

16. Trail of Tears
Cherokees asked the Supreme Court to help protect their lands from the state of Georgia
Marshall ruled that only the federal govt could make laws to govern the Cherokees
Georgia & Jackson ignored Marshall’s ruling

17. Trail of Tears
Cherokees, under the leadership of John Ross opposed moving west
Jackson would not negotiate w/ them
Federal troops forced 16,000 Cherokees from their homes into camps
Soldiers forced them to make the journey west to the Indian Territory—the route they took became known as the Trail of Tears

18. Native American Resistance
Seminoles
Refused to leave Florida
Second Seminole War, led by Osceola
Used surprise attacks to defeat the U.S. forces
Osceola was captured during negotiations for peace
U.S. crushed Seminole resistance by 1842

19. Native American Resistance
Sauk and Fox
They were removed to the Indian Territory
Sauk chief Black Hawk led a group back to their homeland in present day Illinois
Black Hawk War
Most of Black Hawk’s men were slaughtered
He was captured

20. Black Hawk—statement when captured
“Black Hawk is an Indian. He has done nothing to be ashamed. He has fought for his countrymen, the women and children, against the white men who came, year after year, to cheat them of and take away their land. You ought to know the cause of our making war. It is known to all white men. They ought to be ashamed of it.”
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21. Osceola—Seminole Chief
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22. Trail of Tears
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23. Trail of Tears
“Murder is murder and somebody must answer, somebody must explain the streams of blood that flowed in the Indian country in Somebody must explain the four-thousand silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokees to their exile. I wish I could forget it all, but the picture of 645 wagons lumbering over the frozen ground with their cargo of suffering humanity still lingers in my memory.”
--John G. Burnett
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24. John Ross
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25. Cherokee Alphabet
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26. Jackson’s Letter to the Creeks
“Friends and brothers, listen. Where you now are, you and my white children are too near to each other to live in harmony and peace…Beyond the great Mississippi…your father has provided a country large enough for all of you, and he advises you to remove to it. There your white brothers will not trouble you…and you can live upon it as long as the grass grows or the water runs, in peace and plenty. The land beyond the Mississippi belongs to the President and no one else, and he will give it to you forever.”
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27. Conflicts Over States’ Rights
The Age of Jackson
Conflicts Over States’ Rights

28. Adams’s Presidency Tariff of Abominations
British textile goods were cheaper than American goods
Northerners wanted to protect their trade
Raised tariffs on raw materials
Angered Southerners
Hurt Adams reputation

29. Adam’s Presidency Doctrine of Nullification
Tariff of Abominations hit S.C. hard
S.C. wanted to leave the Union
Felt that the tariff favored the North
Calhoun proposed the Doctrine of Nullification
A state had the right to “nullify” or reject a federal law if they felt it was unconstitutional

30. Rising Sectional Differences
The Northeast, South, and West had conflicting ideas
Public land
Northeasterners didn’t want public land to be sold at cheaper prices b/c it took factory workers away from them
Westerners wanted land to be sold cheap b/c it increased settlement

31. Rising Sectional Differences
Internal improvements—canals & roads
Westerners & Northeasterners wanted them
Southerners didn’t b/c they were funded by tariffs
Tariffs
Northerners like them b/c they protected their manufactured goods
Southerners didn’t like them b/c they depended on foreign trade

32. Increased Tensions
Tariff of Abominations & Doctrine of Nullification were problems Jackson was elected into
Calhoun’s document “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” added tension to the controversy of states’ rights

33. The States’ Rights Debate
Debate over nullification in Senate--Webster-Hayne Debate
Daniel Webster Massachusetts Senator
Against nullification
For Nationalism
“People, not the states, make the Union”
Robert Hayne – South Carolina Senator
For nullification
For sectionalism & states’ rights
Nullification gave states a lawful way to protest against the nat’l gov’t

34. Jackson’s Position on States’ Rights
Jackson’s opinion—”Our federal union it must be preserved
Opposed nullification but did not want to drive south out of union
Calhoun’s opinion—”The Union next to our liberty most dear”
Resigns as Vice President and South Carolina leaders threaten to secede if gov’t tries to collect tariffs
Result—Henry Clay Senator from kentucky proposes Compromise of 1833 which lowers tariff and crisis ends for now

35. Jackson’s Response to Nullification
Did not want to drive the South out of the Union
Asked Congress to reduce the tariff—they did
S.C. still wasn’t pleased—threatened to secede
Ran for president in 1832 w/o Calhoun
Henry Clay proposed a compromise tariff that ended the crisis & S.C. stayed in the Union

36. The Age of Jackson
Prosperity and Panic

37. Mr. Biddle’s Bank Nicholas Biddle was the president of the nat’l bank
Jackson did not trust the bank & thought it had too much power
Felt the bank favored the wealthy and hurt the common man

38. Mr. Biddle’s Bank
The bank had to have a charter in order to operate—this charter had to be granted by the federal gov’t
The bank’s charter wouldn’t expire until 1836, but Biddle asked to renew the charter in 1832 b/c it was an election year
Biddle thought Jackson would approve it so that he wouldn’t anger bank supporters and risk not being re-elected

39. Jackson’s War of the Bank
Jackson took the risk
He vetoed Congress’ vote to renew the charter
He said it was unconstitutional even though the Supreme Court had ruled that it was
He said it was up to elected officials to determine the constitutionality of laws

40. Jackson’s Veto Message
“It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes…Distinctions in society will always exist under every just government…But when the laws undertake to make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, the humble members of society have the right to complain of the injustice of their government.”

41. Bank Battle & Re-election
The War on the bank became the main issue of the election
Henry Clay—National Republican Party candidate
Jackson—Democratic Party candidate
Jackson still won the election
Caused him to believe the people supported his war on the bank, so he took it a step further

42. Jackson Destroys the Bank & the Economy
Pet banks
Jackson started depositing govt funds into state banks
Biddle responded by making it harder for people to borrow money
He hoped that would make the economy bad so that Jackson would put money back in the national bank
Bank went out of business

43. Artificial Prosperity
The nation’s economy was prosperous during Jackson’s presidency
Pet banks issued too much money—caused inflation
Jackson responded by requiring people to purchase public land w/ gold or silver—Specie Circular of 1836
When Jackson left office, the economy looked good on the surface—but it would soon fall

44. New President
Since Jackson was so popular, his vice president had no trouble getting elected as president in 1836
Martin Van Buren—8th President of the U.S.

45. Panic of 1837
People became panicked about the economy right after Van Buren was elected—became known as the Panic of 1837
Took paper money to the banks & demanded gold or silver
Banks ran out & went out of business
The nation was in a depression

46. Depression People didn’t have any money
No money meant they couldn’t buy goods
Factories didn’t have customers
No customers meant they went out of business
No food, money, clothes, shelter

47. Rise of the Whig Party
Van Buren felt as though the economy should be left alone
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster disagreed
Formed the Whig Party
Chose William Henry Harrison to run for president in 1840
John Tyler to run for vice-president
“Tippecanoe & Tyler too”
Harrison & Tyler won the election
Harrison—9th president/died one month into term
Tyler took over—10th president