1. Juvenile institutions and treatment

2. Residential care Public vs. private Training school, reform school, youth development center Vary in terms of security level (minimum, medium and maximum) Principle of the least restrictive alternative Over 100,000 in residential care (far less than adults)

3. Residential care High cost of care Minorities far more likely to be confined in public institutions, whites in private Racial disparity is marked in public institutions

4. History Houses of refuge Emphasized religion, education and labor, severe punishment First state training school in Massachusetts, the Lyman School for Boys Youths placed indiscriminantly in these institutions, no classification

5. Residential Cottage reform movement—separate cottages run like a family unit Significant growth Life in residential facilities: division of security and treatment Violations of the 8 th amendment Right to treatment, right to refuse treatment

6. residential Classification, school and/or vocational training, treatment Problems of institutions Overcrowding Lack of public support and funds Limited understanding of the causes and treatment of delinquency

7. Residential Lack of well-formulated treatment plans Staff training Indeterminate sentence Absconding Idleness Schools for crime Punishment vs. rehabilitation

8. Residential Very expensive Require an extensive physical plant Reception Infirmary Dormitories or cottages Kitchen and dining hall School

9. Residential Vocational training Commissary Laundry Meeting room Recreational

10. Characteristics 80% male, 20% female 14-17 More whites in private facilities, more minorities in public; disproportionate minority confinement

11. Treatment Educational programs Serious educational and behavioral problems In-house schools Attend in the community GED

12. Treatment Vocational: auto repair, construction, mechanical drawing, computer Partnerships with private industry Recreational programs

13. Counseling and therapy Individual counseling Rogerian therapy Reality therapy Transactional analysis Behavior modification Points and levels systems

14. Counseling and therapy Group therapy GGI: Guided Group Interaction Positive peer culture