1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill CHAPTERCHAPTER SIXSIX

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill JAILS: Way Stations Along the Justice Highway Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill It takes two years for the nation’s state and federal prison population to turn over once, while the jail population turns over 20 times each year.

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill JAILS: Locally operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction. DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS TOTAL ADMISSION: The total number of people admitted to jail each year. AVERAGE DAILY POPULATION: The number of people confined on a specific day.

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill FIRST-GENERATION JAIL Jail with multiple-occupancy cells or dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes. Inmate supervision is intermittent; staff must patrol the corridors to observe inmates in their cells. Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill SECOND-GENERATION JAIL Jail where staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmate housing areas called pods and surveillance is remote. Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill THIRD-GENERATION JAIL Sometimes called a direct-supervision jail, a jail where inmates are housed in small groups, or pods, staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers. Officers interact with inmates to help change behavior. Bars and metal doors are absent, reducing noise and dehumanization. Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill CATEGORY PERCENTAGE Male 88.4 Female 11.6 White 43.8 Black 39.8 Hispanic 14.7 Other 1.6 Convicted 60.0 Unconvicted 40.0 Adults 98.6 Juveniles 1.2 JAIL INMATES: SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS Gender Race Status Age Group © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill RATED CAPACITY: The number of beds or inmates a rating official assigns to a correctional facility. DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS RELEASE ON BAIL: The release of a person upon that person’s financial guarantee to appear in court. RELEASE ON RECOGNIZANCE: Pretrial release on the defendant’s promise to appear for trial. It requires no cash guarantee.

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill CITATION: Nonfinancial pretrial release similar to a traffic ticket. It binds the defendant to appear in court on a future date. DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS SUPERVISED PRETRIAL RELEASE: Nonfinancial pretrial release with more restrictive conditions (e.g., participating in therapeutic or rehabilitative programs, reporting to a pretrial officer, and checking in regularly).

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill CONDITIONAL RELEASE: Pretrial release under minimal or moderately restrictive conditions with little monitoring of compliance. It includes ROR, supervised pretrial release, and third-party release. DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS ACCREDITATION: Process by which correctional facilities and agencies can measure themselves against nationally adopted standards and through which they can receive formal recognition and accredited status. JAIL ACCREDITATION: Formal approval of a jail by the American Correctional Association (ACA) and the Commission on Accreditation.

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill JAIL INCARCERATION RATES, 1990–2002

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The 25 Largest Local Jail Jurisdictions, Mid–2002

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill PRIVATIZATION: A contract process that shifts public functions, responsibilities, and capital assets, in whole or in part, from the public sector to the private sector. DEFINITIONDEFINITION

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill A county must ascertain changing jail usage and the forces at play in its jail system before it can implement effective programs and measures—including the construction of new jails—to alleviate overcrowding.

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill