1. The End of the Middle Ages
The Calamitous 14th Century

2. 14th Century The “worst” century in history Plague War Taxes
Bad government
Insurrection
Schism in the church
Led to innovations and cultural changes

3. Changes in Society Society disintegrated in 14th and 15th C
Great Chain of Being
All people linked back to God through king or pope
Birth fixed one's place in society
Social movements destroyed linkages
Three estates all changed radically
1st = clergy (those who prayed)
2nd = nobility (those who ruled and fought)
3rd = peasants/serfs (those who work)

4. Changing Nature of the Catholic Church – 1st Estate
Status – 1300 CE
Catholicism in all aspects of everyone's life
Beautiful cathedrals and other works of art
Corruption but that was assumed to be minor and purely individual (that is, not institutional)
Why did the Church resist change?

5. Changing Nature of the Catholic Church – 1st Estate
"The church is not susceptible of being reformed in her doctrines…The church is the work of God and, like all of God's works, it is perfect…The church is independent of any earthly power, not merely in regard to her lawful end and purpose, but also in regard to whatever means she may deem suitable and necessary to attain them."
–Stated by a 14th Century pope

6. Changes in the Clergy Corrupt Popes Money-making as a focus
Simony
Indulgences
Dispensations (for a fee)
Political power, military power
Generally ignored rules of celibacy

7. Changes in the Clergy Bishops Priests Distant from people
confirmations on horseback
Multiple benefices
Priests
philosophical lectures
Benedictines isolated in their abbeys
Dominicans in universities
Ignored celibacy rules

8. Symbols and Saints People adopted symbols Virgin Mary Saints
Sign of the cross
Priests asked to bless things
Priest’s vestments
Relics
Virgin Mary
Saints
Intermediaries between God and mankind

9. The Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy
Philip IV, the Fair (France)
Wanted to tax the clergy
Pope Boniface VIII
Boniface originally not elected but he forced hermit pope to resign and was then elected (and resented)
Argued against Phillip's taxes
Issued the Bull Unam Sanctum

10. “That there is one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church we are impelled by our faith to believe and to hold – this we do firmly believe and openly confess – and outside of this there is neither salvation or remission of sins,… We moreover, proclaim, declare, and pronounce that it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human being to be subject to the Roman Pontiff.”
– The Bull, Unam Sanctum, of Boniface VIII

11. The Babylonian Captivity
Council (French-backed) assembled to judge Pope Boniface
Accused of simony, heresy, blasphemy, murder, sodomy, sorcery, failure to fast
Dante puts Boniface in depths of Hell
Boniface threatened to excommunicate Philip
Philip had Boniface arrested
Boniface was 86 years old
Public outcry forced Boniface's release
Boniface died shortly thereafter

12. The Great Schism Catherine of Siena Pope Gregory XI moved back to Rome
Recognized as a Saint
Supported Papacy moving back to Rome
Told the pope that if he died outside of Rome his soul would go to hell
Pope Gregory XI moved back to Rome
New pope elected where the old pope died
New pope elected in Rome
Italian pope elected
Promised to go back to Avignon but didn’t
French cardinals elected another Pope
Two popes excommunicated each other
Europe was divided

14. The Great Schism Council held in Pisa
Two Popes agreed to resign and support a new Pope
After the new pope was elected, the two refused to resign
Three papal claimants
The pope named in Pisa died
New pope elected and all supported him

15. After the Great Schism Continued Papal decline and corruption
Borgia family
Model for Machiavelli’s Prince
Results of papal corruption
Lost faith in religious leaders
Lost faith in church
Church became less important in people’s lives
People and kings became open to change
Financially devastated

16. Changing Nature of the Noble Class – 2nd Estate
Who were the nobles
Rulers
Warriors (knights)
Land holders
No need to work since land or mercenary gave income
Lavish living
Rules of Chivalry
To regulate behavior of the noble class

17. The Hundred Year's War Between England and France
English claims to France through heredity
Wool trade of Flanders (Burgundians)
Early battles won by England
Crécy
Poitiers
Agincourt

18. Changes in the Nature of Warfare
Tactics
French: One-on- one fighting
English: Foot soldiers and archers
Weapons
Swords
Crossbows
Multi-arrow machines
Long bows

19. Hundred Years’ War

20. The Hundred Year's War Last phases of the war
English were troubled by the War of the Roses
Joan of Arc
Purpose for the war
Legend to save France coupled with mysticism
Rallying point
King of France assumes leadership (reluctantly) and French triumph

21. Changing Nature of the Noble Class
Consequences of the War
People lost respect for knights
Knights became outmoded method of fighting
Knights were a suppressed class
Commoners were important in war
Barons lost power to the king
Nationalism was promoted
Parliament gained control over money

22. Changing Nature of the Common Class – 3rd Estate
Growth of cities
Paris
Italian city states
Emergence of artisans and merchants
Money
Ownership of property
Rural peasant status
Slaves/serfs numbers were decreasing
Supplemented income (millers, tailors, etc.)

23. Changing Nature of the Common Class
Violence
Peasant revolts
The Jacquerie revolt (1358)
Violence was accepted and prevalent
"Villain" from villager
Changing role of women
Women serfs added to family income (gardens, home crafts)
Child bearing was frequent
High infant mortality

24. The Black Death Famine in N. Europe Plague of 1347 Symptoms (type 1)
Sailors on ship from Crimea
Disease spread through Europe
Fleas harbored on black rats
Symptoms (type 1)
Black swellings (buboes)
Buboes broke and oozed
Intense pain and death in 5 days
Symptoms (type 2)
Continuous fever
Spitting of blood
Coughing and sweating
Death in 1-3 days
Results
Affected the 3rd estate the most
Significantly reduced the labor force
Stronger bargaining position
Excess materials (cloth, tools, etc.)

25. The Black Death

26. Technology Imported technologies from China and Islamic lands
Magnetic compasses
Paper
Eye glasses
Mechanical clocks
Put on civic buildings rather than churches
Machine tools
Spinning wheels
Calendar reform

27. "[T]he calendar of the time contained two errors. Its year (365
"[T]he calendar of the time contained two errors. Its year ( days) was 11 minutes and 8 seconds too long, which over 1,000 years amounted to seven days; and the calculations that predicted the lunar cycle were way out as well...[The proposal was] to adopt a new lunar cycle, leave out a week in the calendar...and omit leap year every 304 years... Reform [came] when Pope Gregory XIII introduced the 'Gregorian' calendar."
– John Man, Gutenberg, John Wiley and Sons, 2002, p

28. Technology Printing Gutenberg’s invention
Why Asians didn’t invent moveable type
Paper
Stamping mold and patrix- matrix type casting
Die alloy
Printing press
Printing ink

29. Why the Asians did not invent moveable type printing
• Asian writing systems were too complex: printing needs an alphabetical base
• Established writing systems are intrinsically conservative: on one [in Asia] was interested in change...
• The paper was the wrong sort: Chinese paper was [soft and therefore] suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing
• There were no screw-based presses in the East, because they were not wine-drinkers and didn't have olives...
• Printing is expensive and in [Asia] there was no system to release capital for research and development"
– John Man, Gutenberg, John Wiley and Sons, , pp. 115

30. The Gutenberg Press

31. "Problems must have accumulated with every trial, as type, ink, paper and pressure all inter-reacted... Then, after printing, every sheet had to be dried; not only the ink, but the paper itself... How could pressure be applied evenly? How much pressure applied ink best? How soft or hard should the paper be? What happened when different inks reacted with different papers? How to apply the inks so that there was enough to create strong images, without filling up the little holes in letters like e's and a's?"
– John Man, Gutenberg, John Wiley and Sons, 2002, p

32. Technology Printing Products Public more literate
Indulgences
The Bible
Public more literate
Paved the way for Martin Luther

33. "Printing with movable type was both inspiration and perspiration, an idea and an invention. The birth of the idea sounds as if it ought to have been a sudden revelation, a Eureka! moment like the one that inspired Archimedes to leap from his bath with his famous yell. But ideas seldom jump into the mind from nowhere. If they do, like Leonardo da Vinci's sketch for a helicopter, they remain science fictions until technological advance makes them seem prescient. Ideas are seeded in frameworks of previous growths and need those same frameworks – in this case, punch-making, casting, metallurgical skills, wine- and oil-pressing, paper-making – to flourish."
–John Man, Gutenberg, John Wiley and Sons, 2002, p.122.

34. The End of Middle Ages Changes in the church – negative
Changes in the nobility – kings gained power at expense of church and minor nobles
Changes in the commoners – much gain in power and development of technology helped

35. The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453
First Phase, : English Ascendancy
1337 English King Edward III claimed French throne
1340 Flemish cities recognized Edward III as king of France
English victory in sea battle of Sluys
1346 English victory at Crécy. English control of northeastern coast of France
1356 English victory at Poitiers and capture of French king
1360 Truce, French recognized English sovereignty over southwest France and Calais
Second Phase, : French Revival
Campaigns by French general Bertrand du Guesclin. English driven back to a few coastal enclaves

36. The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453
Third Phase, : Renewed English Invasion
Truce
1407 Beginning of civil war among French noble factions
1415 English victory (Henry V) at Agincourt. Henry V named heir of French throne and marries French princess.
1422 English and Burgundians proclaim Henry VI king of France and England.
1422 On death of Charles VI, his youngest son becomes dauphine (not crowned)
Fourth Phase, : French Victory
14xx Charles, youngest son, becomes dauphine (not crowned)
1429 Victory of Joan of Arc at Orléans, against English
1430 Capture of Joan of Arc by Burgundians
1431 Burning of Joan of Arc as relapsed heretic
1435 Burgundians make peace with French
English driven from all of France except Calais