1. Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

2. In this chapter you will
Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.
Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.
Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.

3. In this chapter you will
Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body.
Identify meanings for new word elements and use them to understand new medical terms.

4. Level of organization
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

5. Cell
The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things

6. Types of Cells Muscle cell Nerve cell Epithelial cell Fat cell
Cells are specialized throughout the body to carry out their individual functions.
For example:
A. Muscle cell
Long and slender
contain fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
B. Nerve cell
Long with
various fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses
C. Epithelial cell
skin cell
Flat and square
provides protection
D. Fat cell
contains large empty spaces for fat storage
These are just a few of the many different types of cells in the body
Epithelial cell
Fat cell

7. Tissues A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job
Epithelial tissue – all tissues that cover the outside of the body and line the inner surfaces of internal organs.
Muscle Tissue
Connective tissue – fat, cartilage, bone, blood.
Nerve tissue
Epithelial tissue
Located all over the body
Forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin
Muscle Tissue
Voluntary muscle found in the arms and legs and other parts of the body that are under conscious control
Involuntary muscle is found in the digestive system and other organs that are not under conscious control
Connective tissue
Examples: fat, cartilage, bone, blood
Nerve tissue
Conducts impulses all over the body

9. Organs Structures composed of several kinds of tissue Heart Stomach
Viscera: internal organs

11. Systems Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
Cardiovascular System
Digestive System

13. 1. Cranial Cavity –
Brain
Pituitary gland
Cranial
Cavity

14. 2. Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavity Lungs Mediastinum Heart Esophagus
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Thymus gland
Aorta
Thoracic
Cavity

15. Diaphragm
separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

16. 3. Abdominal Cavity Stomach Small and large intestines Spleen Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Abdominal
Cavity

17. 4. Pelvic Cavity Portions of the small and large intestines Rectum
Organs of the urinary system
Organs of the reproductive system
Pelvic
Cavity

18. 5. Spinal Cavity
Nerves of the spinal cord
Spinal
Cavity

19. Dorsal (posterior) Cavities
Cavities in the back of the body
Cranial
Spinal

20. Ventral (anterior) Cavities
Cavities in the front of the body
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

21. Abdominopelvic Regions
R&L Hypochondriac
Epigastric
R&L Lumbar
Umbilical
R&L Inguinal
Hyopgastric
Doctors divide the abdominopelvic area into nine regions
Hypochondriac regions
Two upper right and left regions below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
Epigastric Region
Region above the stomach
Lumbar Region
Two middle right and left regions near the waist
Umbilical Region
Region of the umbilicus or navel
Inguinal Region
Two lower right and left regions near the groin
Hyopgastric Region
Lower middle region below the umbilical region

22. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper
Gallbaldder
Liver
Right lobe
Parts of
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines

23. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Left Upper
Stomach
Liver
Left lobe
Parts of
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines

24. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Lower
R ovary
R fallopian tube
Appendix
R ureter
Parts of
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

25. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Left Lower
L ovary
L fallopian tube
L ureter
Parts of
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

26. Divisions of the back and spinal column
The spinal column is a
long row of bones from the
neck to the tailbone.
Each bone in the spinal
column is called a vertebra(backbone). Two or more bones are called vertebrae.
A piece of flexible connective
tissue, called a disk(or disc),
lies between each backbone
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
1. Cervical
Neck region
there are 7 cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7)
2. Thoracic
Chest region
there are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T12)
Each vertebrae is joined to a rib
3. Lumbar
Lower back
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5)
4. Sacral
5 bones (S1 – S5) that are fused to form one bone (sacrum)
5. Coccygeal
Tailbone
small bone composed of 4 fused pieces
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (4)

27. Planes of the Body

28. Planes of the Body 1. Frontal (coronal) Plane
Vertical plane
Divides the body into
anterior
posterior
Frontal
(Coronal)
Plane

29. 2. Sagittal (lateral) Plane
Vertical plane
Divides the body or structure into
right side
left side
Sagittal
(Lateral)
Plane

30. 3. Transverse (cross-sectional) Plane
Horizontal plane
Divides the body or structure into
upper half
lower half
Transverse
(cross-sectional)
Plane

31. Positional and Directional Terms
Deep: Away from the surface
Example: The stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen
Superficial: On the surface
Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin
Proximal: Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
Example: The proximal end of the upper arm bone joins with the shoulder bone
Distal: Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
Example: At its distal end, the humerus joins with the lower arm bones at the elbow
Inferior: Below another structure
Example: The feet are at the inferior part of the body, they are inferior to the knees
Caudal: pertaining to the tail mans inferior
Superior: Above another structure
Example: the head is superior to the neck of the body
Cephalic: pertaining to the head means superior
Medial: pertaining to the middle
Example: The fifth finger is medial to the other fingers
Lateral to the side:
Example: The thumb is lateral to the other fingers
Anterior: Front side of the body
Example: the forehead is on the anterior side of the body
Posterior: The back side of the body
Example: The back of the head is posterior to the face

32. Exercise Time

33. abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis mediastinum spinal column spinal cord diaphragm peritoneum vertebra disk (disc) pleura
1.The bones of the hip are the….. 2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the.. 3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is the…… 4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the…. 5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the….. 6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines is the… 7. The backbones are the …. 8. The nerves running down the back form the…. 9. A single backbone is a…. 10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a….

34. abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis mediastinum spinal column spinal cord diaphragm vertebra disk (disc) pleura
1.The bones of the hip are the pelvis. 2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the. diaphragm. 3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is the… peritoneum. 4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the… pleura. 5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the mediastinum. 6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines is the abdomen (abdominal cavity). 7. The backbones are the spinal column . 8. The nerves running down the back form the spinal cord . 9. A single backbone is a vertebra. 10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a disk (disc).

35. Name the five divisions of the spinal column from the neck to the tailbone

36. 1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral 5. coccygeal

37. anterior frontal (coronal) plane sagittal plane cartilage MRI transverse (axial) plane CT scan posterior
1. Pertaining to the back
2. Pertaining to the front
3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a lower part
4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three planes of the body are
viewed
5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts
6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at joints
7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts
8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images

38. 1. posterior 4. MRI 7. frontal (coronal) plane 2. anterior 5
1.posterior MRI frontal (coronal) plane 2. anterior sagittal plane CT scan 3. transverse (axial) plane cartilage
1. Pertaining to the back
2. Pertaining to the front
3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a lower part
4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three planes of the body are viewed
5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts
6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at joints
7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts
8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images

39. Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

40. abdominal
abdomin/o: abdomen
-al
Pertaining to the abdomen

41. anterior
anter/o: front
-ior: pertaining to
Pertaining to the front

42. cervical
cervic/o: neck
-al
Pertaining to the neck

43. chondroma
chondr/o: cartilage
-oma
Tumor of cartilage

44. coccygeal
coccyg/o: coccyx
-al
Pertaining to the Coccyx (tailbone)

45. craniotomy
crani/o: skull
-tomy
Incision of the skull

46. distal dist/o: far, distant -al Pertaining to far
From the beginning of a structure

47. dorsal
dors/o: back
-al
Pertaining to the back

48. histology
hist/o: tissue
-logy
Study of tissues

49. iliac
ili/o: ilium
-ac
Pertaining to the ilium, part of the pelvic bone.

50. lateral
later/o: side
-al
Pertaining to the side

51. lumbosacral lumb/o: lower back sacr/o: sacrum -al
Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum

52. medial
medi/o: middle
-al
Pertaining to the middle

53. pelvic pelv/o: hip, pelvic cavity -ic
Pertaining to the hip or pelvic cavity

54. posterior
poster/o: back
-ior
Pertaining to the back

55. proximal
proxim/o: near
-al
Pertaining to near
A structure

56. sacral
sacr/o: sacrum
-al
Pertaining to the sacrum

57. spinal
spin/o: spine
-al
Pertaining to the spine

58. thoracic
thorac/o: chest
-ic
Pertaining to the chest

59. thoracotomy
thorac/o
-tomy
Incision of the chest.

60. tracheal
trache/o: trachea
-al
Pertaining to the trachea

61. umbilical
umbilic/o: navel
-al
Pertaining to the navel

62. ventral ventr/o: belly side of the body -al
Pertaining to the belly side of the body

63. vertebral
vertebr/o: vertebrae
-al
Pertaining to vertebrae

64. visceral
viscer/o: internal organs
-al
Pertaining to internal organs

65. epigastric
epi-
gastr/o
-ic
Pertaining to above the stomach

66. hypochondriac regions
chondr/o
-iac
Pertaining to below (rib) cartilages

67. intervertebral inter-: between vertebr/o -al
Pertaining to between the vertebrae