1. Standard 1.4, 5, 6, 7 continued Structure of the U.S. Constitution
Just the facts…

2. 7 Articles…these articles set up our government
The Constitution has
7 Articles…these articles set up our government
Article I –
Legislative Branch
Makes laws
Senate (upper house) equal representation –every state has 2
House of Representatives (lower house) – representation based on state’s population
Both houses together are called Congress
Section 8 contains delegated powers

3. Article II
Executive Branch
Enforces laws by signing them into law
President & his Cabinet
Article III
Judicial Branch
Interprets law
Supreme Court & lower federal courts

4. Article IV
Relations among states
Respect one another’s laws
Can’t discriminate against citizens of other states
Admitting new states
Protection afforded to states by the national government

5. Article V
Amending the Constitution
Made difficult on purpose so that only most important laws for the nation are added

6. Article VI
National debt before the Constitution
Supremacy Clause
Oaths of office are necessary (first allegiance is to the Constitution)
No religious qualification imposed for holding any public office

7. Article VII
Ratification of the Constitution
9 out of original 13 states had to ratify before document could take effect

8. Details
Federalists – those who supported the Constitution as written – 7 Articles
…G.Washington/J.Madison/A.Hamilton
Federalist Papers – 85 essays written to win support for ratification
Anti-Federalists – feared a strong national government. Wanted individual rights protected with a Bill of Rights

9. The Amendments to the Constitution

10. Amendments There are currently 27 Amendments in the Constitution
The first ten amendments are called the
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791

11. 1st Amendment
Freedom of religion, speech, press, and the rights of assembly and petition.

12. 2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms – the national government cannot limit the right to carry weapons.
This amendment was adopted so that Congress could not disarm a state militia

13. 3rd Amendment
Housing/Quartering of Soldiers – this amendment grew directly out of an old complaint against the British, who had forced people to take soldiers into their homes.

14. 4th Amendment
Protection from unreasonable Searches and seizures Direct action against Writs of assistance!

15. 5th Amendment Rights in Criminal Cases
Need a grand jury indictment for federal crimes
Can’t be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy)
Don’t have to testify against yourself
Can’t be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
Private property can’t be taken for public use without fair payment.

16. 6th Amendment Rights to a fair trial
- Person must have a prompt, public trial by an open-minded jury
- Accused individuals must be informed of the charges against them
- Must be allowed to meet witnesses against them, face to face
- Must have a lawyer to defend them if they want one

17. 7th Amendment Rights in Civil Cases
Jury trials are used for civil cases
that exceed $20 in federal court

18. 8th Amendment
Bails, Fines, and Punishments
Must be fair and humane

19. 9th Amendment Rights retained by the people
These rights were put in place to be sure
no one misinterpreted the Bill of Rights
to mean that rights not listed were
not protected– they are!!

20. 10th Amendment – RESERVED POWERS
Powers retained by the States and the People
The states keep all powers
not given to the
national gov’t

21. Proposed on September 25, 1789 Declared in force December 15, 1791
The Bill of Rights
Proposed on September 25, 1789 Declared in force December 15, 1791

22. 11th Amendment Lawsuits against states – 1795
Makes it impossible for a citizen
of one state to sue another state in
Federal court

23. 12th Amendment Election of the President and Vice President 1804
Provides for the electoral college
and procedures for selection of President
and Vice President

24. Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
13th Amendment
Abolition of Slavery 1865
Completed Lincoln’s
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
(Civil War)

25. 14th Amendment Civil Rights – 1868
Makes former slaves citizens of the U.S. and in the state in which they live
Forbids the states to deny equal rights to any person
Forbids any state from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property w/o due process of law
Forbids any state from denying any person equal protection of laws

26. 15th Amendment
African American Suffrage 1870 Right to vote cannot be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

27. Income Tax 1913 Gives Congress the power to tax income
16th Amendment
Income Tax 1913 Gives Congress the power to tax income

28. 17th Amendment
Direct Election of Senators 1913 Takes the power of electing senators of a state from the state legislature and gives it to the people of the state

29. 18th Amendment
Prohibition of Liquor – 1919 Forbids people to make, sell, or transport liquor * repealed in 1933

30. Women’s Suffrage – 1920 Gives women the right to vote
19th Amendment
Women’s Suffrage – 1920 Gives women the right to vote

31. Senators & Representatives: January 3
20th Amendment
Terms of President and Congress – 1933
Moves the date that newly elected presidents and members of Congress take office closer
To election time...
Senators & Representatives: January 3
President: January 20th
LAME DUCK AMENDMENT

32. Takes away the 18th Amendment
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition – 1933
Takes away the 18th Amendment

33. 22nd Amendment Limitation of President to two terms – 1951
No person can be elected
President more than twice
(Two terms = 8 years)

34. 23rd Amendment Suffrage in the District of Columbia – 1961
Allows citizens of the District of Columbia
to vote in Presidential
elections…but cannot vote for
members of Congress

35. 24th Amendment Poll taxes – 1962 Forbids making voters pay a
poll tax before they can vote
In a national election

36. Presidential Disability
25th Amendment
Presidential Disability
and Succession 1967
Vice President takes over in case President is removed by death or resignation
For Vice President, the President nominates the VP with the approval of both houses of Congress
Vice Pres takes over if Pres is disabled

37. Suffrage for 18 year olds – 1971
26th Amendment
Suffrage for 18 year olds – 1971

38. 6. Who makes up the Executive Branch. 7
6. Who makes up the Executive Branch? 7. What is the job of the Executive Branch? 8. Who makes up the Judicial Branch? 9. What is the job of the Judicial Branch? 10. Which Article of the Constitution belongs to which branch? 11. What did Federalists support? 12. What did Anti-Federalists support? 13. What made Anti-Federalist states finally support ratification of the Constitution?

39. 27th Amendment
Congressional Pay Raises – 1992 Pay increases don’t go into effect until After the next regular election of the House of Representatives

40. How much do you know??
Who makes up the legislative branch of our government?
How many houses are in our legislative branch of government?
What is the job of the legislative branch?
How do we know one of our legislative houses has equal representation?
Where in the Constitution would this branch look to find a list of what they can do?

41. Basic Principles of the U.S. Constitution Standard 1.5

42. Popular Sovereignty The people have supreme power or authority Govern with the people’s consent

43. Limited Government Gov’t has only as much authority as the people give it

44. Separation of Powers Gov’t is divided Certain powers are assigned to each branch to prevent misuse of power

45. Checks & Balances Each branch has the ability to restrain the other two Executive: veto; appointment Legislative: override veto; approve appointment Judicial: judicial review

46. Federalism Power is divided between A central gov’t and state gov’ts

47. Judicial Review Courts have the power to review acts of the federal gov’t and to cancel any that are unconstitutional John Marshall: justice who used Marbury v. Madison case to establish judicial review