1. CLASS II SSS AD INDIRIZZO SPORTIVO
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
CLASS II
SSS AD INDIRIZZO SPORTIVO

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
MODULE I: MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD, CAN, COULD, MIGHT, MAY, PAST CONTINUOUS
MODULE II: PRESENT PERFECT, STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT, PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE, TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH PRESENT PERFECT
MODULE III: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS, STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS, FOR AND SINCE, PRESENT PERFECT VS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
MODULE IV: FUTURE TENSES WITH PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, BE GOING TO, WILL
MODULE V: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: CONDITIONAL 0, FIRST CONDITIONAL, SECOND CONDITIONAL, THIRD CONDITIONAL.

3. MODULE I – MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD
Use 'must' to express something that you or a person feels is necessary. This form is used only in the present and future. The negative form of 'must' expresses the idea that something is prohibited!
Examples: I must finish this work before I leave. Must you work so hard? John must explain this if he wants his students to succeed. She mustn't use such horrible language. Tom. You mustn't play with fire.
Use 'have to' in the past, present and future to express responsibility or necessity. NOTE: 'have to' is conjugated as a regular verb and therefore requires an auxiliary verb in the question form or negative. The negative form of 'have to' expresses the idea that something is not required. It is however, possible if so desired.
Examples: We have to get up early. She had to work hard yesterday. They will have to arrive early. You don't have to arrive before 8. They didn't have to work so hard.

4. MODULE I – MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD
Must' and 'Have to' in the positive or question form are used to speak about responsibilities and obligations. Sometimes, 'must' and 'have to' can be exchanged, but the general rule is that must is used for strong personal obligations (I must do this right now!) and have to is used for responsibilities (I have to file reports every week.) 'Don't have to' and 'Mustn't' have very different meanings. 'Don't have to' is used to express that something is not required. 'Mustn't' is used to express that something is prohibited. In general, 'must' is used in everyday situations in which something important occurs and requires an immediate action. 'Have to' is often used to discuss our daily responsibilities and is commonly used to describe workplace situations. Many times, 'have to' is used in place of 'must' in informal English.
'Should' is used when asking for or giving advice. It is also used when asking for suggestions. 'Should' expresses a personal opinion and is much weaker and more personal than 'must' or 'have to'. It is often introduced by ' I think'.
I don't think you should work so hard.

5. MODULE I – CAN, COULD, MIGHT, MAY
Use 'can' or 'be able to' to express an ability or possibility. NOTE: The future of 'be able to' is 'will be able to. Could in the past means the general ability to do something. Examples:
He can play tennis well. She is able to speak five languages. They can come on Friday. He could swim when he was five.
Use 'might' or 'may' to express an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true. Use 'could' to express a possibilty which is one of many. This form is not as strong as 'might' or 'may'. It is just one of a number of possibilities. Use 'can't' to express an opinion that you are 100% sure is NOT true. Examples:
She might come this evening.
David may invite Jessica to the match.
Jack might have gone to France.
Jane could be at work.
Peter could have arrived late
You can't be serious!
They can't have worked until late.

6. MODULE I – PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous is used to express something that is happening at a precise moment in the past. For example, Jack was working on the report last night at
The past continuous is most often used to express an interrupted action expressed using the past simple. For example, Janet was talking on the phone when I arrived.
The past continuous, and continuous forms in general, are used with action verbs such as talk, drive, play, etc. The continuous form is not used with stative verbs such as 'be', 'seem', 'taste', etc. Some stative verbs can be used as action verbs so there are some exceptions. For example: 'smell' - It smelled good. (stative verb) / He was smelling the roses when she walked by the window. (action verb) Examples:He seemed very sad.It tasted very bitter.
Time Expressions with Past Continuous for Past Action at a Specific Moment in the PasT.
At / At that Moment: 'At' and 'at that moment' refer to a specific point of time in the past. These two expressions are often used with the past continuous. It is more common to use the past simple to speak in general, but if you want to express what was happening at a precise moment of time in the past, use the past continuous .Examples: She was having breakfast at this morning. We were working on his request at 10 pm.
When / As 'When' is used with the past simple to express an important event that occurred in the past. The past continuous is used to express what was happening at that moment. Examples: They were getting ready when he came home. What were you doing when he asked the question?
While 'While' is used with the past continuous to express something that was happening at the same moment in time that something else was occurring
.During 'During' is used with a noun or a noun phrase to express an event during which something was happening .Examples :I was typing while he was dictating. She wasn't paying attention during the meeting. Jackson was working while she was having a good time.

7. MODULE II – PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect is used to say what has happened recently and has an effect on the present moment.
Examples Have you seen Mary yet? They've already had dinner. She's just been to the dentist's.
The present perfect is also used to express something which has happened up to the present moment of time .Examples: Have you worked here for a long time? Peter's lived here since She hasn't had much fun this week.
When speaking about an experience that has happened at an UNSPECIFIED point in time before the present moment use the present perfect.
In this use of the present perfect, we are talking about things that have happened up to the present moment. Whenever you speak about something that has happened up to now without giving a precise point in time, use the present perfect.

8. MODULE II – PRESENT PERFECT STRUCTURE
Positive Form: Subject + have + past participle + object(s)
Examples: Peter's lived here since 
We've been very busy today.
Negative Form: Subject + have + not + past participle + object(s)
Examples: I haven't been to class very often this month.
She hasn't had much fun this week.
Question Form: (Wh?) + have + subject + past participle?
Examples: Have you worked here for a long time?
Where have you been?
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed, for example:work, worked, worked. But you should note the following points:1. Some verbs can be both regular and irregular, for example: learn, learned, learned learn, learnt, learnt. 2. Some verbs change their meaning depending on whether they are regular or irregular, for example "to hang": regular hang, hanged, hanged to kill or die, by dropping with a rope around the neck, irregular hang, hung, hung to fix something (for example, a picture) at the top so that the lower part is free.
But with irregular verbs, there is no rule...
Has gone to vs. Has been to... has/have gone to ... refers to someone who has gone to a place but has not yet returned.
... has/have been to ... refers to a place which someone has visited sometime in his life. In other words, "has been to" refers to an experience.

9. MODULE II – PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE
Sometimes the past simple and the present perfect are confused. It is important to remember that the past simple is used to express a finished past action which occurs at a specific moment in the past. The present perfect is used to express something that happened at an unspecified moment in the past. For example, if I visited Paris in 2004, I could express this in two ways:
Past Simple: I visited Paris in 2004.I went to Paris a few years ago.
Note that the moment in time is specific - in 2004, a few years ago.
Present Perfect: I've been to Paris. I've visited Paris.
In this case, the moment of my visit is not specific. I am speaking about an experience that I have had in my life up to this moment in time. This is the key to understanding the difference between the past simple and the present perfect. The past simple expresses something which happened at a specific time in the past. The present perfect expresses something that I have experienced in my life without giving the exact time.

10. MODULE II – TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH PRESENT PERFECT
ALREADY - YET (used as adverbs in sentences with a verb in the present perfect tense when we are talking about personal experiences) ALREADY : Sooner than expected (affirmative sentences and some questions) They’ve already sold 12 million bands. Have you already done your homework? YET : The speaker is expecting something to happen (negative sentences and questions) He hasn’t found a sponsor yet . Has the programme started yet ? Mid position (before main verb) End position (end of sentence)
Other TIME EXPRESSIONS used with the present perfect tense: (In sentences with a verb in the present perfect tense when we are talking about personal experiences) JUST : Only a moment ago The train has just left. EVER : At any time Have you ever done any charity challenges? We haven’t ever eaten in this restaurant. NEVER : At no time I’ve never been there. Mid position (before main verb) Mid position (before main verb) Mid position (before main verb)5. RECENTLY : At a time immediately before the present Has Janet talked to him recently ? LATELY : Not long ago Have you seen her lately ? ONCE: One time I’ve been to London once in my life. TWICE: Two times I’ve been to London twice in my life. THREE TIMES...: I’ve been to Paris three times in the last 5 years. Usually, end position Usually, end position Usually, towards the end of sentence Usually, towards the end of sentence Usually, towards the end of sentence

11. MODULE III – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The present perfect continuous is used, like the present perfect simple, to express an action which begins in the past and continues up to the present moment. For example, My parents have been travelling since early this morning.
BOTH the present perfect and present perfect can be used when expressing the duration of an activity that begins in the past and continues into the present. We tend to use the present perfect continuous to describe the duration of a current activity happening at the moment. For example, I've been reading this book since 10 this morning. On the other hand, the present perfect is used to describe states or more general activity. For example, Jack has lived in California most of his life.

12. MODULE III – PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS - STRUCTURE
The present perfect continuous is used to express how long a current activity has been going on. It is often used in context to provide a reason for a present result. Remember that continuous forms can only be used with action verbs. This tense is often used with the following time expressions:...since + specific point in time
... for + amount of time
Basic Construction
Positive: Subject + has / have + been + verb + ing + object(s) + time Expression. He's been cleaning house for two hours.
Negative: Subject + has / have not (hasn't / haven't) + been + verb + ing + object(s) + time Expression. Janice hasn't been studying for too long.
Question: (Question Word) + has / have + subject + been + verb + ing + object(s) + (time Expression). How long have you been working in the garden?

13. MODULE III – FOR AND SINCE
Since is used with the present perfect to express that something has happened since a point in time.
Examples: I've lived here since She's been working hard since two this afternoon.
For is used with the present perfect to express that something has happened for a period of time.
Examples: I've worked at this job for 10 years. Peter's been playing tennis for two hours.

14. MODULE III – PRESENT PERFECT VS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
When we see an action as a finished one, we use the present perfect simple. The present perfect simple is used when we are interested in result.

15. MODULE IV – FUTURE TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE
Examples: The class begins at The plane leaves at 6 o'clock.
Used for scheduled public events such as train and plane schedules, course schedules, etc.

16. MODULE IV – FUTURE TENSES
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Examples: He's coming tomorrow afternoon. What are we having for dinner? I'm not seeing the doctor until Friday.
Used for planned or personally scheduled events. Usually used with principle verbs such as: come, go, begin, start, finish, have, etc.

17. MODULE IV – FUTURE TENSES
TO BE GOING TO
Examples: Oh no! Look at those clouds. It's going to rain. Be careful! You're going to drop those dishes!
Used for future predictions based on physical (usually visual) evidence.
Going to' or '-ing' are often both correct for planed events. 'Going to' should be used for distant future intentions (example: He's going to study Law)

18. MODULE IV – FUTURE TENSES
WILL
Spontaneous or immediate decision. Example: Wait, I will help you.
Opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future. Example: He will probably come back tomorrow.
A promise, volition. Example: I will not watch TV tonight.
An action in the future that cannot be influenced example: It will rain tomorrow.

19. MODULE V – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Situations that are always true if something happens.
NOTE. This use is similar to, and can usually be replaced by, a time clause using 'when' (example: When I am late, my father takes me to school.)
If I am late, my father takes me to school. She doesn't worry if Jack stays out after school.
Conditional 0 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma the present simple in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If he comes to town, we have dinner. OR We have dinner if he comes to town.

20. MODULE V – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real - or possible - situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.
NOTE. In the conditional 1 we often use unless which means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless he hurries up.' could also be written, '...if he doesn't hurry up.’
He will arrive late unless he hurries up. Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.
Conditional 1 is formed by the use of the present simple in the if clause followed by a comma will verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.

21. MODULE V – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal - impossible or improbable - situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation.
NOTE. The verb 'to be', when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as 'were'.
If he studied more, he would pass the exam. I would lower taxes if I were the President. They would buy a new house if they had more money.
Conditional 2 is formed by the use of the past simple in the if clause followed by a comma would verb (base form) in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If they had more money, they would buy a new house. OR They would buy a new house if they had more money.

22. MODULE V – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
If he had known that, he would have decided differently. Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston.
Conditional 3 is formed by the use of the past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma would have past participle in the result clause. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses.
If Alice had won the competition, life would have changed OR
Life would have changed if Alice had won the competition.