1. Ch.1 History and Trends of Health Care
Treatment methods used in the past have led
to the current health care
Chapter one deals with the history and trends in health care. It is important today, because some treatment methods used in the past have led to the current health care of today. Other treatments have been done away with, and we will see some of the reasons why.

2. Ancient Times Supernatural spirits and demons caused illnesses
Tribal witch doctors treated illnesses
Herbs and plants were used as medicines
Trepanation (boring a hole in the skull) was used to treat insanity.
Average life span: 20 years!!
In ancient times they thought supernatural spirits and demons caused illnesses. The main person to treat illnesses were the tribal witch doctors. Herbs and plants were used as medicines and trepanation was used to treat insanity. Trepanation is where they actually bored a hole in the skull to allow the evil spirits and demons out. Not surprisingly, the average life span was only 20 years.

3. Ancient Egyptians First to record health records
Priests also acted as physicians
Used Magic or medicinal herbs for treatment
Average Life Span: years
The ancient Egyptians were the first to record health records. Priests acted as physicians and they used magic or medicinal herbs for treatment. Average lifespan was years.

4. Ancient Chinese Cure the spirit and nourish the entire body
Similar to Holistic health methods of today
Treat the mind, body and soul!
Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion.
Monitored pulse.
Began search for medical reasons of illness.
Life span: years
The ancient chinese took a more holistic approach to cure the spirit and nourish the entire body. They wanted to treat the mind, body and soul. They used acupuncture to relive pain and congestion, they monitored pulse and began search for medical reasons of illness. Life span was years.

5. Ancient Greeks Began Modern Medical Science
Hippocrates called the Father of Medicine
Recorded signs and symptoms of diseases
Created a high standard of ethics: “The Oath of Hippocrates” used by physicians today.
Aristotle dissected animals and is the founder of comparative anatomy.
Stressed diet and cleanliness
Average Life Span: years
Ancient Greeks began modern medical science. Hippocrates is called the Father of Medicine and “The Oath of Hippocrates” is still used today as a high standard of ethics for physicians. The Greeks also recorded signs and symptoms of diseases. Aristotle dissected animals and is the founder of comparative anatomy, which is when anatomy of other animals is compared with human anatomy. Diet and cleanliness were stressed with the average lifespan rising to years.
Aristotle

6. Ancient Romans Organized medical care provide care for soldiers
Hospitals developed in houses and religious institutions
Began Public Health and Sanitation Systems
Diet, exercise and medications were used to treat disease
Average lifespan: years.
The ancient Romans were the first to provide organized medical care for their soldiers. Hospitals were set up in houses and religious institutions, and the Romans also began Public Health and Sanitation Systems. Diet, exercise and medications were used to treat disease, and average lifespan was years.

7. Ancient Times Conclusions
Treatment was limited
Poor personal hygiene
Drank contaminated water
Unsanitary living conditions
Diseases like typhoid, malaria, dysentery, leprosy and smallpox were fatal and lifespan was only years
As you can see, treatment was limited during the ancient times. Lack of personal hygiene and unsanitary living conditions was the main cause of the low life expectancy. Most diseases, like typhoid, malaria and small pox were fatal.

8. The DARK Ages & Middle Ages
After the fall of the Roman empire, the study of medicine stopped.
Unsanitary conditions returned, Epidemics of smallpox, dysentery, typhus, and the plague were rampant. Prayer was stressed to treat illness. Average Life span: years
After the fall of the Roman empire, the study of medicine stopped. This is referred as the Dark Ages. Unsanitary conditions returned, epidemics of smallpox, dysentery, typhus, and the plague were rampant. Prayer was stressed to treat illness and average lifespan dropped to years.

9. Middle ages:
medical practice of the Roman and Greek physicians were renewed, translated and written.
Medical universities were created in the 9th century.
Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtaining licenses.
Lifespan:20-35 years
In the middle ages medical practice of the Roman and Greek physicians were renewed, translated and written. Medical universities were created in the 9th century. Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtaining licenses. Lifepan rose from years.

10. Rhazes Arab Hippocrates Observed signs & symptoms
Used animal guts for sutures
Blood is cause for infectious
diseases.
Distinguished between Small
Pox & Measles
Rhazes was nick-named the Arab Hippocrates. Signs and symptoms of diseases were observed, they used animal guts for sutures and they associated blood as the cause for infectious diseases. They distinguished the differences between small pox and measles.

11. The Renaissance “Rebirth of Science and Medicine”
Human dissection was accepted and allowed.
Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci were able to draw the body accurately.
Printing press allowed medical books to be published.
Average Lifespan: years!!
The Renaissance is referred to as the “Rebirth of Science and Medicine”. Human dissection was accepted and allowed. Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were able to draw the body accurately and some of their diagrams are still in use today. Printing presses allowed medical books to be published and the average lifespan rose to years.

12. 16th & 17th Centuries
Causes of diseases are still not known & many deaths occur from infections and child birth.
William Harvey described the circulation of blood.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in 1666.
Blood transfusions in animals were formed.
Ambroise Pare’ was known as the Father of Modern Surgery and used ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding. Fracture treatment advanced.
Lifespan was years
During the 16th and 17th centuries, physicians gained an increased knowledge of the human body. Causes of diseases are still not known and many deaths occur from infections and child birth. William Harvey described the circulation of blood, and Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in The first blood transfusions on animals were performed in England in Ambroise Pare’ was known as the Father of Modern Surgery and used ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding. Fracture treatment advanced and use of artificial limbs were promoted. Lifespan was years.

13. 18th Century Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer
The start of drug stores or pharmacies
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications.
Edward Jenner invented a vaccine for small pox
The cause of many diseases are still unknown.
Life span increased to years.
The 18th century saw Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury thermometer. Drug stores or pharmacies were available with apothecaries or early pharmacists made, prescribed, and sold medications. Edward Jenner invented a vaccine for small pox. The cause of many diseases are still unknown. The lifespan has now increased to years.

14. 19th Century: Industrial Revolution
Major development of medical science occurred because of the development of machines and ready access to books
Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope, allowing physicians to listen to internal body sounds.
Formal training for nurses began
Florence Nightingale established sanitary nursing care units for injured soldiers(known as the founder of modern nursing)
Methods to stop the spread of disease was practiced by Theodor Fliedner, Joseph Lister, and Louis Pasteur
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
Average Lifespan : years
The Industrial Revolution: 19th century Major development occurred in medical science because of the development of machines and ready access to books. Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope, allowing physicians to listen to internal body sounds. Formal training for nurses began. Florence Nightingale established sanitary nursing care units for injured soldiers and is known as the founder of modern nursing. Methods to stop the spread of disease was practiced by Theodor Fliedner, Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur. Pasteurization is the process used to destroy micro-organisms in milk and other items. Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross and the average lifespan is years.

15. 20th Century Rapid growth in health care
Medical advancements included x-rays, antibiotics, vaccines and the structure of DNA.
Health care plans were created to pay for the cost
First open heart surgery in the 1950’s was a precursor for the heart transplants of today.
Computer technology advances medicine
Life span: years
The 20th century saw very rapid growth in health care. Medical advancements included x-rays, antibiotics, vaccines, and the structure of DNA. Health care plans were created to pay for the cost. The first open heart surgery in the 1950’s was the precursor for the heart transplants of today. Computer technology advances medicine tremendously, and will be advancing into the 21st century. Lifespan is now years.

16. 21st Century??
Completion of the human genome project occurred early in this century.
Embryonic stem cell research
Cures for AIDS???
Lifespan and BEYOND!!
The potential for major advances in the 21st century is unlimited. Early in the century, the completion of the Human Genome Project by the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health provided the basis for much of the current researchon genetics. Embryonic stem cells and development of cloned cells could lead to treatments that will cure many diseases. Cures for AIDS may develop and possibly even brain transplants!!
Lifespan may increase from years and beyond.