1. Civil War Unit Test
Study Guide

2. Causes of the Civil War Westward Expansion
All the laws about slavery (about the Missouri Compromise, the fugitive slave laws, the annexation of Texas, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas- Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision) proved that there was no way the north and south could keep compromising over the issue of slavery.

3. Causes of the Civil War
2. Sectionalism A belief that people in the North and South both held: “what my section of the country wants is more important than keeping the country together”

4. 3. The push for states’ rights It was an argument over who should have final authority or power to decide about slavery – the federal government (which the North wanted) or each state government (which the south wanted)?
Causes of the Civil War

5. 4. The Election of 1860 Lincoln wanted to stop the spread of slavery to the West. The southerners believed he would end slavery everywhere. 7 southern states seceded from the Union before his inauguration.
Causes of the Civil War

6. 5. Secession Those seven southern states left the Union, wrote their own Constitution, elected their own president (Jefferson Davis), and named themselves the Confederate States of America in order to protect states’ rights (to own slaves).
Causes of the Civil War

7. Comparing the North and the South
An economy based on agriculture
Fertile soil
Lots of rivers for transporting crops to market
Cotton gin
“King Cotton” – more and more slaves needed

8. Comparing the North and the South
The SOUTH People were more isolated from each other - huge plantations meant no real neighbors or daily “community” life, not a lot of businesses - only the richest were educated, and at home (very little public education)

9. Comparing the North and South
The NORTH Economy based on INDUSTRY - rocky soil and a colder climate meant no farming - lots of lumber and natural harbors, so they built ships and developed trade - built factories that used swift flowing rivers for power - little to no slavery; believed in the ideals of the Declaration of Independence - immigrants came from many other countries to work in the factories

10. Comparing the North and South
The NORTH Lots of people, living in towns and cities - living closely together meant more banks and other businesses - more developed transportation (canals and railroads) - public education - emphasis on everyone being able to read

11. Abolitionists - William Lloyd Garrison
The publisher of an abolitionist newspaper known as The Liberator. Garrison used the newspaper to tell everyone that slavery was wrong and should be abolished immediately. He and others formed the American Anti- slavery Society. Garrison’s newspaper was banned in the South.

12. Abolitionists - Sojourner Truth
The first African American woman to become well- known as an anti-slavery speaker. She was born a slave in New York but was freed through gradual emancipation. She had a powerful speaking style and drew large audiences when she lectured about slavery and women’s rights

13. Abolitionists - Frederick Douglass
Taught himself to read and write while he was a slave. He escaped slavery and became a leader in the abolitionist movement. Douglass published an antislavery newspaper, known as The North Star, used his home as a “station” on the Underground Railroad, and wrote his autobiography telling the conditions of slavery. (After that, he had to escape to England!) Once the Civil War began, Douglass encouraged President Lincoln to emancipate the slaves and worked to recruit Northern African Americans for the Union Army. After the war, he continued to fight for the rights of African Americans and women.

14. Abolitionists - Harriet Tubman
An escaped slave who became one of the most successful “conductors” of the Underground Railroad. Tubman was known as the “Moses” of her people because she led more than 300 slaves out of the South to freedom. Tubman also served as a spy for the Union Army.

15. Abolitionists - Harriet Beecher Stowe
The author of the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Stowe’s book became a best seller and revealed the cruelty of slavery. Stowe wrote the book in response to the fugitive slave laws that were passed as part of the Compromise of President Lincoln made a humorous comment when he met her: “So you’re the little lady that started this great big war”. This shows the impact of her book in both the North and South. The book, magazines, and play were all banned because of the way they portrayed the South. Many Northerners joined the abolitionist cause but also unfairly judged Southerners because of the book’s stereotypes.

16. Aboltionists - John Brown
Migrated to Kansas for the Kansas- Nebraska Act. In Kansas, Brown and his sons actually started the violence that gave the territory the name “Bleeding Kansas.” John Brown is best known for his leadership in a raid on the United States arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in Virginia. He hoped to capture guns and lead a slave revolt that would spread across the country. John Brown’s raid was unsuccessful. He and his followers were captured by federal troops and Confederate General Robert E. Lee. As a result of his actions, he was tried and found guilty of treason. Brown was hanged.

17. First Battle of the Civil War. Charleston Harbor, SC
* First Battle of the Civil War * Charleston Harbor, SC * Fort Sumter belonged to the Union (North). President Abraham Lincoln wanted to send Union troops to “resupply” the fort. * Confederate President Jefferson Davis sent Confederate troops to attack the resupply boats and take the fort * Lasted 35 hours – buildings were burned, but there were no casualties * After the battle, four more states joined the Confederacy (new total: 11 states)
Fort Sumter

18. The Two Presidents – Lincoln and Davis

19. War Strategy of the North
Offensive Strategies – (The Anaconda Plan) 1) Blockade southern ports in order to stop shipping between the South and their British allies 2) Split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River 3) Destroy railroads and telegraph lines 4) Capture Richmond, VA – the capital of the Confederacy

20. War Strategy of the South
Defensive Strategies -
1) Outlast the patience of the North and test their cause of unity in the nation
2) Depend on money from trade with England
3) Defend Richmond and threaten Washington, D.C. (the Union capital)
4) Stay put! (the Confederates only fought two battles in the North)

21. The Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863: issued by President Lincoln as Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces – declared that slaves in states rebelling against the Union were free

22. The Emancipation Proclamation
- The Civil War was now being fought specifically to end slavery!
- created problems of slave control in the South
- enabled African Americans to legally serve their country as soldiers
- the Confederate states did not recognize the authority of the President of the United States, so they did not obey his order. Slaves were freed only as the Union army liberated them.
- made it harder for the British government to continue to support the South (many British citizens opposed slavery)

23. African-Americans in the North
* formed and financed military companies and began to drill – waiting on the right to fight!
* convinced Abraham Lincoln that slavery was the cause needed to fight and win the Civil War (Frederick Douglass)
* formed segregated units – one of the most famous is the 54th Massachusetts

24. African-Americans in the South
* After SC came under Union control, The First SC Colored Volunteers became the first black unit recognized by the Union Army
* acted as liberators, spies, guides, and messengers (Harriet Tubman)
* worked as slave labor to build fortifications, work in factories, and other hard jobs sometimes under heavy combat. Some slaves accompanied their masters to the battlefields and others were promised freedom for fighting.

25. The Battle of Gettysburg
During the Battle of Gettysburg, (in Pennsylvania) the Confederate Army, led by General Robert E. Lee, invaded the North for a second time, but they lost.
* This fight was the turning point of the Civil War because the Confederate Army was so severely defeated that they never again had the military strength to attempt an invasion in the North.
The Battle of Gettysburg

26. The Gettysburg Address
Four months after the battle, President Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address, a speech to dedicate part of the battlefield as a National Cemetery to honor the men who were killed in the battle.
This carefully-crafted, two-minute speech reminded everyone that the war was worth fighting because the Union and democracy needed to be preserved and that “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Even though it was short, it is one of the most famous speeches in our history because it reminded everyone why the US government exists and why the war was being waged, rededicating the Union to its cause.
The Gettysburg Address

27. Surrender at Appomattox Court House
After four years of fighting, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. The end came because Lee’s troops were exhausted and without supplies. The Confederacy had been destroyed by four years of war against a larger, stronger, wealthier federal system.

28. The Two Generals
Ulysses S. Grant (Union)
Robert E. Lee (Confederacy)

29. Assassination!
John Wilkes Booth was unhappy with the outcome of the war. He was a Confederate sympathizer and had first planned to kidnap the president and other cabinet members. He hoped the assassination would cause great problems for the United States. Lincoln’s truly did leave the nation in shock and disbelief. The difficult task of rebuilding a divided nation proved to be far more difficult without the guidance of the man who worked so long and hard to preserve it.

30. The Civil War had a profound impact on the United States economically, socially, and politically. As a result of the war, the Union was preserved, and slaves were freed. The right of states to secede was eliminated, so the Confederacy ceased to exist.
Overall Effects

31. Soldiers endured a long, difficult, and bloody war that many initially thought would be a quick adventure. Over 600,000 men on both sides died, mostly because of the lack of food, clean water, and hygienic medical practices. Over 1,100,000 were injured.
Overall Effects

32. Young men from both sides (and old men in the South) enlisted or were drafted into service. The wealthy were often able to pay for someone else to take their place. In the South, planters were exempt from service if they owned over 20 slaves, while in the North one could pay the government to be exempt or hire a substitute to take one’s place.
Overall Effects

33. Effects on the South
1) Most of the Civil War battles took place in the South, so the physical environment was completely devastated by bombs, army raids, fire, etc.
2) Slaves were freed, so fields were left unplanted and useless
3) Confederate money was now worthless
4) No factories meant being unable to quickly repair railroads, telegraph lines, etc.

34. 1) Not many battles there, so not much destruction
2) Many businesses were hired to make military supplies, so the economy did not suffer – it even grew
3) Union money kept its value
Effects on the North

35. 1) They were left in charge of their homes, farms, and/or businesses while the men were away fighting
2) In the North, women served as nurses or worked in factories during the war. Others rolled bandages or knitted socks at home to send the soldiers
3) In the South, women were left to manage their families and continue operating the farms and plantations.
4) In both regions women also served as nurses, secretaries and teachers
5) Because so many men died in the war or were permanently injured, many women had to continue managing their families even after their husbands and fathers
Effects on Women

36. Effects on African-Americans
1) Many former slaves left the plantations where they had lived looking for loved ones sold away. Some simply left because freedom meant the ability to do so.
2) A few freedmen went to the North, but it was a long journey.
3) Many returned to the areas they knew because they were familiar, they had nowhere else to go, and had learned that freedom from slavery did not mean freedom from work. Often they became sharecroppers.
4) African Americans legally married, restored their families, created their own communities, participated in politics and sought education denied them as slaves.

37. Now you are ready for
FIFTH GRADE SOCIAL STUDIES!!!!!!!