1. Communication
Communication Media

2. Learning Objectives State the definition of communication
Appreciate fully the significance of effective communication in any given situation.
Identify the two main types of communication;
Verbal and Non-verbal.
Explain the three major communication media: written, oral and electronic by giving examples

3. What is communication ?
The word communication has originated from a Latin word “Communes” which means something common.
Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feeling and emotions through speech signals, writing or behavior.
In communication process, a sender encodes a message and then using a medium and send it to appropriate feedback using a medium

4. Communication process model
Sender
Message
Channel
Medium
Receiver
Feedback
© PhotoDisc

5. Communication Channel
A medium through which a message is
transmitted to its intended audience
(1. People or market segment at whom an advertising message or campaign is aimed.
2.Total number of readers, listeners, or viewers reached by a particular advertising medium.)
such as print media (The industry associated with the printing and distribution of news through newspapers and magazines.)
or broadcast (electronic) media.

6. Importance of communication
Express thoughts, ideas and feelings
Creating awareness
To fulfill a goal
Avoid isolated
Highlight issues
Progress, development
Educating the masses etc.

7. Communication Networks
Affected by:
Number of people involved
Complexity of the message
Volume and urgency of message
Confidentiality of material

9. Verbal Communication
Message is transmitted verbally, communication is done by word, mouth and a piece of writing.
Objective of every communication is to have people understood what we are trying to convey.

10. Parts of verbal communication Verbal Oral written

11. Oral Communication Spoken words are used.
Face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet.
Communication is influenced by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking

12. Oral communication &
Face-to-face discussions, telephone conservations, formal presentations and speeches
Sounds and sound combinations
Stress
Rhythm
Intonation
Speed
pausing
Clarity of articulation
Voice modulation: volume & pitch variation (avoiding “monotonous speech

13. Oral communication- Advantages
Questions can be asked and answered directly;
Feedback is immediate; he sender’s attitude can be sensed.
Better relationships
Time saving
Effective tool of persuasion
Effective tool of group communication
Economical
Allows to measure effectiveness immediately
It’s the only way out during an emergency

15. Written Communication
Written signs or symbols are used to communicate.
May be printed or hand written.
Message can be transmitted via , letter, report, memo etc.
Is influenced by the vocabulary & grammar used, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used.

16. Written communication
Disadvantages
Limited to literature world
Time consuming
Lot of paper work
Needs expertise in expression
Lack of immediate feedback
Costly
More men hours needed
No immediate clarification
Advantages
Ready reference
Legal defense
Promotes uniformity
Mass access
Suitable for distance communication
Image building
Accurate and un- ambiguous
Permanent in nature
Permits substitution and revision

17. Non-verbal communication
Through signs & symbols.
Non-verbal can go without verbal communication.
Verbal can’t go without non-verbal communication.

18. Importance of Non-verbal communication
The way message is conveyed:
words
1st Qtr 10% Body language
2nd Qtr 50%
3rd Qtr Tone of voice 40%

19. Types of Non-verbal communication: Types of Non-verbal Communication:
KINESICS (BODY LANGUAGE)
HAPTICS (TOUCH LANGUAGE)
PROXEMICS ,(SPACE LANGUAGE)
ARTIFACTS ENVIRONMENTAL
CHRONEMICS (TIME LANGUAGE)
SILENCE
SIGN
PARALANGUAGE VOCALIC
Types of Non-verbal Communication:
KINESICS (BODY LANGUAGE)
FACIAL EXPRESSION
HEAD
EYE GAZE
GESTURES
POSTURES
SHAPE OF BODY
PERSONAL APPEARANCE ADORNMENT

20. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Inter-personal: between two or more people
Intra-personal: a process in which people communicate with themselves either consciously or unconsciously
Extra-personal: between human beings and non-human entities

22. Barriers in Achieving Effective Communication
Different Backgrounds of Sender and Receiver
Signaling- messages conveyed without words
Communication Situation
Quality of Message Content
Speaking Skills
Listening Skills
Noise/Sound/Distraction

23. Barriers in Achieving Effective Communication
Semantic Barriers- occurs when meaning is either present or absent from the language used and is not shared by both the sender and receiver.
Different words in our language have different meanings. These difference is referred to as denotation and connotation
Denotative – meaning created by people and understood by many, and recorded in dictionary.
Connotative - refers to the attitudes or feelings a person has to a word he uses or hears e.g. RESPECT/
BEING RESPECTFUL.

24. Ways in Overcoming Barriers in Communication
Eliminating differences in perception
Use of Simple Language
Reduction and elimination of noise levels
Active Listening
Emotional State

25. Ways in Overcoming Barriers in Communication
Simple Organizational Structure 
Avoid Information Overload 
Give Constructive Feedback 
Proper Media Selection
Flexibility in meeting the targets 

26. Mass communication
Communication through electronic gadgets (mass media) like books, journals, TV, newspapers etc

27. MEDIA
Is a means of transmitting the message, thought opinion and view point.
its purpose is to facilitate communication and learning.

28. Broadcast or storage media that take advantage of electronic technology.
Includes: television, radio, Internet, fax, CD-ROMs, DVD, and any other medium that requires electricity or digital encoding of information.
The term 'electronic media' is often used in contrast with print media.
(Source: businessdictionary.com/definition/electronic-media)

30. ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Computer-based system that facilitates scholarly communication.
It has its own set of concerns and issues.
The Internet offers users the benefits of access, file transfer, and electronic mail(which includes electronic journals) with remote systems around the world.

31. Principles for scholarly system of communication
protection of each users rights
the freedom of all users to publish onto the network
a free market status for the network dministration,
remote access
privacy from government eaves dropping
recognition of intellectual property which includes copyright enforcement and royalty distribution.

32. Traditional & Hybrids Types
Television
2) Radio
3) Internet
4) Smart phones (new media type, cross between Phone & internet)
5) Electronic display advertising, electronic streaming billboards (a new hybrid)

33. Advantages
Immediacy
Information & entertainment
Creates awareness among people
Develops thoughts & ideas
Keeps one in touch with rest of the world
Makes communication increasingly easier
Connects diverse pple from far & near geographical locations
Disadvantages
Noise pollution
Decision making
Common diseases & complications brought on by electronic media:
eye-sight
exposure to radiation
obesity

34. Electronic Media
Advantage: Messages can be delivered instantly, over long distances, and to a large number of people.
Disadvantage: But not all people have can access to the media.

35. Characteristics of effective communication
Clearness and integrity of message to be conveyed. - Adequate briefing of the recipient. - Accurate plan of objectives. - Reliability and uniformity of the message. - To know the main purpose of the message. - Proper response or feedback. - Correct timing. - Use of proper medium to convey the message properly. - Use of informal communication.

36. Important guidelines for communication effective: -
Simplify thoughts before communicating the intended message.
Analyze the intent of each and every message.
Consider the overall physical setting whenever you communicate.
Discuss with others, where appropriate, in planning communication.

37. Important guidelines for communication effective: -
Be careful while communicating, of the overtone as well as basic content of your message.
Take the opportunity to suggest something of help or value of the receiver.
Follow-up your communication.
Prepare for transmitting the message in a proper way.
Be sure actions support communication.
Seek not only to be understood but understand.

38. Effective Communication

40. References