1. AP World History: The Industrial Revolution
Period 5

2. I How the Industrial Revolution Began
The Industrial Revolution (18th to 19th centuries) was a period when mostly agrarian societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing was done by “cottage industries” in homes or small, rural shops, by hand or simple machines.
B) Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
deposits of coal and iron ore
Enclosure movement cost farmers jobs and pushed them to the cities
Politically stable colonial power; its colonies served as a source for raw materials, as well as a marketplace for manufactured goods (mercantilism).
Rivers
C) As demand for British goods increased, merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production  factory system.

4. The Enclosure Movement in Britain
The Enclosure Movement began in the 12th century, but increased in the 18th. Public land that had been available for grazing animals and growing food was changed to privately owned land, with walls, fences or hedges around it. Parliament passed the General Enclosure Act of 1801 and the Enclosure Act of 1845, claiming the land could be farmed more efficiently. The profit would then be kept by the aristocrats who now owned the legally confiscated land

5. The Opening of the Bridgewater Canal 1761 CE by Ford Madox Brown, England

6. II Mechanical Innovation
In 1764 Englishman James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, a machine that produced multiple spools of threads simultaneously.
The power loom mechanized the process of weaving cloth, was developed in the 1780s by Englishman Edmund Cartwright.
Spinning Jenny
Power Loom

7. Mechanical Innovations Continued…
Early 18th century, Englishman Abraham Darby discovered a cheaper, easier method to produce cast iron, using a coke-fueled furnace (as opposed to charcoal-fired) furnace.
1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel.
In 1712, Englishman Thomas Newcomen developed the first practical steam engine (used primarily to pump water out of mines).
The Bessemer Process is the removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.

8. The First Cast Iron Bridge, Coalbrookdale, 1779

9. A puddler and his helper remove a 150-pound, near molten ball of wrought iron from a puddling furnace at Youngstown Sheet & Tube’s Campbell Works in the 1920s.

10. III Transportation
Early 1800s, American Robert Fulton built the first commercially successful steamboat.
Early 1800s, British engineer Richard Trevithick constructed the first railway steam locomotive. In 1830, England’s Liverpool and Manchester Railway became the first to offer regular, timetabled passenger services.
1820, Scottish John McAdam developed the macadam process to build smoother roads.

11. Steam Locomotive, Canada

12. Steam Ship, South Africa

13. Macadam Road, California

14. IV Communication and a Changing Economy
In 1837 British William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first commercial electrical telegraph. In 1866, a telegraph cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic.
A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s; the New York Stock Exchange was founded in the early 1790s.
1776, Scottish Economist Adam Smith published “The Wealth of Nations”. He promoted an economic system based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and laissez-faire (lack of government interference).
Morse-Vail Telegraph Key, 1845

15. New York Stock Exchange 1889

16. V A Changing Society
A) The Industrial Revolution raised the standard of living for many middle and upper class people. However, life for the working classes continued to be hard. Factory work was dangerous, low paying, and had little job security. In the early 1860s, approximately 1/5 of the workers in Britain’s textile industry were younger than 15. B) Urbanization increased rapidly; workers moved from rural farmland to cities  overcrowded housing, and unsanitary living conditions. In cities many poor laborers lived in tenements (crowded apartment buildings). Conditions gradually improved by the late 19th century, due to labor reforms and the rise of trade unions. “Luddite" refers to a person who is opposed to technological change. The term is derived from a group of early 19th century English workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery as a means of protest.

17. Stereotype of the Factory Owner/ Luddites

18. A Changing Society Continued…
Jharkhand, India. A young boy carries a chunk of coal into the mining camp,

19. Child Coal Miners, 1907

20. “Match” Girls
“Match girls worked long hours in the factories (usually from 6 AM to 6 PM) with only two short breaks. They were not allowed to talk or even sit down while they worked (otherwise they would be fined or fired). The girls only made 4 shillings a day, but they were also heavily fined if they dropped a match, talked to each other, sat down, arrived late, or went to the bathroom without permission. Beatings were not uncommon at the factories as well.”

21. Tenement NYC 1890 by Jacob Riis

22. V Was Malthus Right?
Thomas Malthus (1766 – 1834) was an employee of the British East India Company, and an economist. He argued that increases in population would eventually diminish the ability of the world to feed itself.
“The superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice.”
“Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every 25 years or increases in a geometrical ratio.” - Thomas Malthus

23. “Malthus, the false prophet” May 15th 2008, The Economist
AMID an astonishing surge in food prices… faith in the ability of global markets to fill nearly 7 billion bellies is dwindling. Given the fear that a new era of chronic shortages may have begun, it is perhaps understandable that the name of Thomas Malthus is in the air. Yet if his views were indeed now correct, that would defy the experience of the past two centuries. Malthus first set out his ideas in 1798 in “An Essay on the Principle of Population”... Whereas the natural tendency was for populations to grow without end, food supply would run up against the limit of finite land. As a result, the “positive checks” of higher mortality caused by famine, disease and war were necessary to bring the number of people back in line with the capacity to feed them. In a second edition published in 1803, Malthus softened his original harsh message by introducing the idea of moral restraint... If couples married late and had fewer children, population growth could be sufficiently arrested for agriculture to cope… But the industrial revolution, which had already begun in Britain, was transforming the long-term outlook for economic growth. Economies were starting to expand faster than their populations, bringing about a sustained improvement in living standards. Far from food running out, as Malthus had feared, it became abundant as trade expanded and low-cost agricultural producers like Argentina and Australia joined the world economy... His assumption that populations would carry on growing in times of plenty turned out to be false. Starting in Europe, as economic development brought greater prosperity, both birth and death rates dropped and population growth eventually started to slow...

24. Malthus False Prophet Continued…
… one of the main barriers to another “green revolution” is unwarranted popular worries about genetically modified foods, which is holding back farm output not just in Europe, but in the developing countries that could use them to boost their exports. [And FEED people] As so often, governments are making matters worse. Food-export bans are proliferating. Although these may produce temporary relief for any one country, the more they spread the tighter global markets become. Another wrongheaded policy has been America's subsidy to domestic ethanol (oil made from corn) production in a bid to reduce dependence on imported oil. This misconceived attempt to grow more fuel rather than to curb demand is expected to gobble up a third of this year's corn crop… A new form of Malthusian limit has more recently emerged through the need to constrain greenhouse-gas emissions in order to tackle global warming. But this too can be overcome by shifting to a low-carbon economy... There may be curbs on traditional forms of growth, but there is no limit to human ingenuity. That is why Malthus remains as wrong today as he was two centuries ago.

25. Why didn’t the Industrial Revolution begin in China instead of Britain?

26. Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence Between East and West by Shamkhal Abilov, 2011
David S. Landes… writes that during Medieval Ages, China had possessed a power-driven spinning machine and industrial techniques centuries before the Industrial Revolution occurred in the Occident [Europe]. The wealth and economic growth of China during that time made it one of the big commercial centers of the world trade; the Chinese practiced coal production for iron smelting and industrial use, and also “were turning out perhaps as many as 125,000 tons of pig iron by the late eleventh century”. He lists various inventions considered industrial priorities in China during that period and not in Europe, such as: the wheelbarrow, the stirrup, the rigid horse collar, the compass, paper, printing, gunpowder, and porcelain. These, however, were the key components for the Industrial Revolution in Europe later. In comparison to China, though, during the Medieval Ages European societies were living in backwardness… if China had a priority over the rest of world in terms of technological development and economic-sense for almost a millennium, and was in the same development level with the most-developed parts of Europe around the 18th century…

27. Great Divergence Continued…
... why, then, did the Industrial Revolution occur in England, and not in China? I think it is erroneous to ask why “China failed”, because the technological development that China possessed during the European Industrial Revolution did not stagnate; rather, it was on the same path in the eighteenth century as it was in medieval age, but it was the case that technological development did not revolutionize the Chinese economy as it did in England… Pomeranz, in turn, also determines coal as a central factor of the Industrial Revolution in England. Easy access to large sources of coal is, according to his argumentation, considered one of the vital factors for England’s revolution. He argues that, unlike China, much of the coal was relatively close to the major population and industrial regions of England, and England had accessible deposits of coal near manufacturing centers. Regarding China, its coal deposits were far from the centre, located in Shaanxi, several hundred landlocked miles from the industrialized Yangzi Delta…

28. HW Questions
Fill in your Period 5 Chart for the Industrial Revolution.
In your opinion, what were the two most important developments in the Industrial Revolution? Explain your answer.
Why did Thomas Malthus argue that industrialization would lead to an increased population? Why do some economists today argue that this viewpoint is wrong? What is your opinion?
According to Shamkhal Abilov, why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain and not China? Do you agree or disagree?