1. Learning Chapter 5 Presentation:Fajr Harris Presenter:Daniel Rodriguez

2. What is Learning?
Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior , that is brought about by experience
Behaviorism: The theory of learning focuses solely on observable behaviors

3. Types of Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Social Observational Learning
Cognitive Factors In Learning

4. Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response .
Stimulus
Response

5. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist
Developed the principles for classical conditioning
Known for his famous experiment Pavlov’s Dogs

6. Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment

7. Key Terms
Neutral Stimulus- a stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest: Bell
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned :Food
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- a response that is natural and needs no training: Salvation
Conditioned Stimulus(CS)- a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus(Food) to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus: Bell
Conditioned Response(CR) - a response that,after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus : Salivation

8. Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior
Behaviorist, John B. Watson and his student, Rosalie Rayner applied classical conditioning through “The Little Albert Experiment” .

9. Effects of Classical Conditioning (Humans)
Phobias- Little Albert was afraid of rats and other animals and things associated with it
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder- sometimes soldiers / veterans have bad memories and may associate loud sounds or people with scenarios that occurred during war which can trigger depression, hallucinations, outburst etc.
Drug Addiction- some addicts may associate places/people/objects with drugs and the happy feelings that came with the use. Seeing a trigger can cause a craving for the drug

10. Extinction Acquisition First Extinction Period Pause
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
The Process
Acquisition
First Extinction Period
Pause
Spontaneous Recovery
Extinction

11. CR
Conditioned Response CS
Conditioned Stimulus US
Unconditioned Stimulus

12. Generalization Discrimination
Two or more different stimulus produce a similar response
Ex. Little Albert feared white rats and associated his fear with objects and animals that reminded him ie. monkey, Santa Claus mask, rabbit
Two or more different stimulus produce a different response
Ex. Red light means stop
Green Light means go
Yellow means slow down

13. Thorndike’s Law of Effect
A law developed by Edward L. Thorndike that states, "responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation."

14. Operant Conditioning
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened ,depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequence.

15. Big Bang Theory- Operant Conditioning

16. Skinner
B.F Skinner thought that people’s personalities are formed from response tendencies and that consequences shape those responses:
Skinner’s Box : is an apparatus used to study animal behavior , was a variation of Thorndike’s Puzzle Box

17. Key Words
Reinforcement- the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceded behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer-any stimulus that increases that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Positive Reinforcer-a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Negative Reinforcer-an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
Punishment-a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again, there is positive and negative punishment
Shaping- the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

19. Examples Safe Driving (Goal Behavior)
Positive Reinforcement: Receive Gas Card
Negative Reinforcement: The Seatbelt Buzzer
Positive Punishment: Speeding Ticket
Negative Punishment: Taking away a license
Making Curfew(Goal Behavior)
Positive Reinforcement- Receive Praise from parent
Negative Reinforcement- extending the curfew next time
Positive Punishment- Parent Yelling
Negative Punishment- Taking away the car

20. Cognitive Factors in Learning

21. Cognitive Learning Theory
The approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought process that underlie learning.
Types of Learning
Latent Learning
Observational Learning

22. Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
The rats that were never rewarded food made the most errors. The rats that were awarded food made the least. Rats that were awarded food after 11th day had an immediate reduction in errors made.

23. Social Observational Learning
Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model.
Albert Bandura- examined the principles of observational learning ( known as Social Learning Theory)

24. Social Observational Learning Continued
This occurs when an observer changes after viewing the behavior of a model
Steps for Observational learning
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation

25. The Bobo Doll Experiment
The children wanted to behave like the model.
Picked up actions and mannerisms.
They wanted to be the model.

26. Thanks!
Any questions?