1. Chapter 26 Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Francisco S. Sy
Susan C. Long-Marin
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

2. Introduction
Worldwide concern about infectious diseases has increased with the rise of human migration
As people move from one place to another, they bring their diseases, levels of immunity and resistance, and the viruses or bacteria they may harbor that have not emerged as diseases
The topic is complex and includes study of a wide range and variety of organisms, the pathology they may cause, and their diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

3. Historical and Current Perspectives
1900: Communicable diseases were the leading causes of death in the United States
By 2000: Improved nutrition and sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics had put an end to the epidemics that once ravaged entire populations
As people live longer, chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, and stroke) have replaced infectious diseases as the leading causes of death
Infectious diseases have not vanished – they are still the number-one cause of death worldwide
New killers are emerging, and old familiar diseases are taking on different, more virulent characteristics
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

4. Transmission of Infectious Diseases
Agent, host, and environment
Modes of transmission
Vertical transmission
Horizontal transmission
Common vehicle
Vectors
Disease development
Disease spectrum
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

5. Surveillance of Infectious Diseases
Surveillance: gather the who, when, where, and what; these elements are then used to answer why
A good surveillance system systematically collects, organizes, and analyzes current, accurate, and complete data for a defined disease condition
The resulting information is promptly released to those who need it for effective planning, implementation, and evaluation of disease prevention and control programs
Surveillance for agents of bioterrorism
Anthrax
Smallpox
List of Reportable diseases
Varies by state
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

6. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging infectious diseases: those in which the incidence has actually increased in the past two decades or has the potential to increase in the near future
Ebola virus
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
HIV/AIDS
West Nile virus (WNV)
Emergency factors
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

7. Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases
Primary prevention
Preventing the incidence of disease before it happens
Secondary prevention
Preventing the spread of disease once it occurs
Tertiary prevention
Reducing complications through treatment and rehabilitation
Role of nurse in prevention
Control and teach about disease; screen for disease; treat persons with disease
Multisystem approach to control
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

8. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Routine childhood immunization schedule vaccinates children against 11 diseases:
Hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, Haemophilus influenzae, type B meningitis, varicella (chickenpox), and Streptococcus pneumoniae
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

9. Food- and Waterborne Diseases
Ten golden rules for safe food preparation
Foodborne diseases
Salmonellosis
Escherichia coli 0157:H7
Waterborne diseases
Hepatitis A
Cholera
Typhoid fever
Bacillary dysentery
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

10. Vector-Borne Diseases
Vector-borne diseases: refers to illnesses for which the infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier (vector)
Lyme disease
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Prevention and control of tick-borne diseases
Vaccine for Lyme disease recommended for those living in high-risk areas
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

11. Diseases of Travelers
Those traveling outside the U.S. need to be aware of and take precautions against diseases they may be exposed to; may return to the U.S. with an “unplanned souvenir”; health professionals taking client history need to consider recent travel by the client
Malaria
Foodborne and waterborne diseases
Diarrheal diseases
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

12. Zoonoses and Parasitic Diseases
Zoonosis: an infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a human under natural conditions
Rabies (hydrophobia)
Parasitic diseases
More prevalent in tropical climates and countries with inadequate prevention and control methods
Intestinal parasitic infections
Parasitic opportunistic infections
Control and prevention of parasitic infections
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

13. Nosocomial Infections
Nosocomial infections: infections acquired during hospitalization or developed within the hospital setting
May involve patients, health care workers, visitors, or anyone who has contact with a hospital
Universal Precautions: procedures to prevent exposure to blood-borne diseases
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

14. Nurses’ Role and Communicable Diseases
Communicable disease prevention and control programs must move beyond providing drug treatment and vaccines
Health promotion and education must be aimed at changing individual and community behavior
Nurses play a key role in all aspects of prevention and control of communicable diseases
Close cooperation with other members of the interdisciplinary health care team is crucial
Mobilizing community participation is essential to successful implementation of programs
Copyright © 2010, 2006, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.