1. Computer Information Systems
Introduction
Computer Information Systems

2. Development of Computers
Abacus (500 BC)
Pascaline (1642) - Blaise Pascal
Punch cards (1801) - Joseph Jacquard
Difference Engine/Analytical Engine (1822) - Charles Babbage
First programmer - Ada Augusta Lovelace
Census Bureau (1890) - Herman Hollerith

3. First Electronic Digital Computer
ABC by Atanasoff & Berry
Motivated by physics research at Iowa State University
First electronic digital computer
Special-purpose (to solve linear equations)
1939 prototype; operational in 1942
ABC – prototype 1939; working 1942
Mark I – started devt. 1939; operational 1944
ENIAC – started devt. 1943; operational 1946

4. Early General Purpose, Hard-Wired Computers
Harvard Mark I by Aiken (1944)
General-purpose, electro-mechanical computer
Influenced by Babbage’s analytical engine
ENIAC by Mauchly & Eckert (1946)
First large-scale, general-purpose electronic computer
Military applications
Influenced by the ABC
ABC – prototype 1939; working 1942
Mark I – started devt. 1939; operational 1944
ENIAC – started devt. 1943; operational 1946; 1964 patent invalidated in 1973.

5. Stored Program Computers
EDVAC by Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neumann (1949)
Design began in 1944
Stored program concept described by von Neumann in 1945
Obviated requirement to re-wire the machine
Others previously had this idea.
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Zuse (1936)
Others at Moore School of Engineering (U. Penn.) prior to ENIAC
From Wikipedia: Although von Neumann unfailingly dressed formally, he enjoyed throwing extravagant parties and driving hazardously (frequently while reading a book, and sometimes crashing into a tree or getting arrested). He once reported one of his many car accidents in this way: "I was proceeding down the road. The trees on the right were passing me in orderly fashion at 60 miles per hour. Suddenly one of them stepped in my path."[2] He was a profoundly committed hedonist who liked to eat and drink heavily (it was said that he knew how to count everything except calories), tell dirty stories and very insensitive jokes (for example: "bodily violence is a displeasure done with the intention of giving pleasure"), and persistently gaze at the legs of young women (so much so that female secretaries at Los Alamos often covered up the exposed undersides of their desks with cardboard.)

6. Developments Outside the USA
Konrad Zuse (Germany)
First program-controlled computer (Z3) in 1941
First computer start-up company – 1946.
Z4 – World’s first commercially sold computer.
Designed first high-level programming language – 1948.
United Kingdom
Colossus – code-breaking computers ( )
Source: Wikipedia

7. First Generation 1951 – 1958 (1953 estimate: 100 computers worldwide)
Vacuum tubes
UNIVAC I (1951)
First mass-produced computer; 46 built & delivered.
First commercial computer in the USA
First designed to handle numeric and textual information
Punched cards
Machine language being replaced by assembly language
A-0 (predecessor of COBOL) – 1951
FORTRAN

8. Second Generation 1959 – 1964 Transistors DEC introduced PDP-1 (1960)
First video game (Spacewar!)
Magnetic tapes and disks
Compiler-based languages
FORTRAN, COBOL, Basic, and PL1
“I have travelled the length and breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won't last out the year.”—Editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall, 1957.

9. Third Generation
1964 – 1972?
Integrated circuits - reside on a single chip
IBM introduced System 360 series (1964)
14,000 sold by 1968.
DEC sells first minicomputer, PDP-8
Price: $16,000
First microprocessor – Intel 4004 (1971)
RPG, Pascal, and many other languages

10. Fourth Generation 1972 – ??? LSI and VLSI
Many circuits on a single chip
MITS, Inc. – first commercially successful microcomputer (1974)
Apple II (1977), Tandy’s TRS-80 (1979), IBM PC (1981)
C, C++, Ada, Java
And much, much more!
MITS Altair around 200 were ordered on the first day. 10,000 were shipped at a kit price of $397 each.
“There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.”—Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corporation (1977)

11. Concluding Observations
Plummeting cost of hardware
Rising cost of software
Importance of networks, including the WWW
Ubiquity of computing
Need for computer skills
Need for computer scientists